Exporting attracts attention as an international sales activity, which has been studied by the country’s economic managements, firm managers and academic researchers as it reduces the current deficit by providing foreign exchange inflow in economy and has positive effects on the profitability indicators at the firm level. Though there are many studies on the factors that affect export performance of firms, in the literature, most of the studies are not theoretical. For firms, export activity is the most common strategic option to access to the international markets. Considering the export activity from the strategic management perspective provides a high prediction in terms of understanding the factors that affect export performance. In this study, the factors that affect export activity of the firms are examined from the strategic management perspective within the scope of the theoretical approaches presented in the literature. In this regard, the effects of competitive strategies within the scope of the industrial organization theory, and of firm resources and capabilities within the scope of the resource-based view on export performance are discussed, and a theoretical model has been presented.

This article shall therefore look into the competencies of both Indonesian and Singaporean capital market supervisory and regulatory bodies, namely Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and Monetary Authority of Singapore. It further assesses the effectiveness of each body in implementing law enforcement towards insider trading practices in specific. It shall also further evaluate the passiveness portrayed by the Indonesian counterpart when it comes to the eradication of wary trading activities in the market as well as variables that are weighed in towards its implementation. Normative-empirical research is used for this article as it takes legal principles, legal system, and comparative approach. The materials relied on for this article include an interview with a capital market lawyer, an analysis of the law and other supporting documents, as well as a comparative study.  The nature of competence between Indonesia and Singapore’s capital market supervisory and regulatory bodies is quite similar which adopts integrated approach towards regulation and supervision of the capital market with adequate authorities attributed to them. Since 2012, OJK replaces the role of Bapepam-LK to administer the Capital Market Law as an independent body. OJK is responsible for enacting rules and supervisory of the sector.

Investigation of how entrepreneurial practices affect the growth of fish traders’ enterprises in Lake Victoria, Tanzania was undertaken while adopting a cross-sectional research design. 297 fish traders were reached through a questionnaire. Selection of the sample was proportionately undertaken from the strata of from Magu and Misungwi districts. Adoption of content analysis for the analysis of qualitative data while quantitative data were descriptively analyzed and also logit model was applicable in estimating how entrepreneurial practices contribute to growth of fish traders’ enterprises. The results indicate that market orientation was negative and significant statistically (p = 0.062) and risk-taking was positive and significant statistically (p = 0.002) in contributing to growth of fish traders’ enterprises. Training programmes focusing on inculcating issues concerning risk-taking and market orientation so as to foster sustainable entrepreneurial growth among fish traders’ enterprises.

This study aims at examining the major push and pull factors which cause rural urban migration to Hosanna town and its effect on the socio-economic condition of non-migrants and migrants in destination. A cross – sectional field survey was conducted among 196 respondents from four selected kebeles in Hosanna town during 2019. For the study both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Descriptive statistics and econometric methods were employed for data analysis. Descriptive analysis was applied to discuss the behavior of rural urban migration in the study area and performed using frequencies, figures, graphs, percentage, means, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values. While the econometric analysis was employed to identify variables that affect rural urban migration and to evaluate the effect on the socio-economic condition of non-migrants and migrants. The regression results of Probit model estimation raveled that family size, gender (being male), age; unemployment, poor education status, land owning and inadequate income were significantly push factors from the rural area whereas marital status (being unmarried), expected income in urban, short distance, education level and relative’s dwellers at receiving area are significantly pull factors in the study area. The study also revealed that putting pressure on social service and housing, increasing urban unemployment, rising of living cost, expansion of informal sector and unplanned urban expansion were the main impact in the town. Policies aimed at reducing rural-urban migration should focus on job creating on farm and non-farm activities, provision of social service and amenities in rural area. Hence, provision of facilities and amenities, job creation and proper urban managements should be needed in the town.

Child care places in Indonesia are very much needed for working parents. The availability of child care places is a form of the state's obligation to fulfill the rights of its citizens. The absence of regulations regarding child care for working parents is one of the problems that can hinder both working parents and children's growth and development. This research uses normative juridical and empirical juridical research methods which use a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and a legal sociology approach. Human Rights are based on universal principles such as dignity, equality, freedom and justice. Human Rights aims to protect and respect the basic rights of every individual without regard to race, religion, sex, color, language, political opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. This is considered a right inherent in humans from birth and cannot be taken away. The same is true with the right to obtain care for children and also the right to obtain work for parents. These two rights are in conflict because there is no means to fulfill the necessary rights for children and parents. To exercise these rights, the state is obliged to provide child care which is the answer to obstacles that arise in the household and work sectors.

 The shortcomings in the implementation of hazardous substances transport in the world and in our country lead to very serious hazards. These problems lead to life, property and very serious environmental disasters. This is not only a matter of transportation, but also of the chemistry, textile and fuel industries. This study provides information on the legislation on dangerous goods transport in Turkey. It also contains technical information on hazardous substances, following the search of the relevant literature for the province of hazardous goods.   

This research is an empirical juridical research, namely the method or procedure used to solve the problem in this research by collecting and processing primary data first and then analyzing it based on secondary data. The primary data analysis in question is an analysis of the data obtained directly by the researchers themselves in the field, namely Jehovah's Witness Surabaya and the Surabaya Free Catholic Church which were used as locations in this study. Meanwhile, secondary data analysis is an analysis of the legislation, literature and legal documentation relating to the formulation of the problem. Interviews were conducted by meeting directly with the informants and in the process of researching the quantity of informants and respondents. Pancasila must be interpreted in a broad scope. Pancasila as an ideology is the main thing in Indonesia along with the legality of the Balai Kerajaan Saksi Yehuwa and the Free Catholic Church. This must also have the support of Balai Kerajaan Saksi Yehuwa and the Free Catholic Church where information disclosure will be effective when there is resistance from the community.

This study investigates the relationship between female customers’ online flow state and loyalty and the mediating roles of their smartphone addiction and brand experience in this mechanism. To achieve this purpose, data were collected from 507 female customers in Türkiye through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. The findings indicated that brand experience mediated the relationship between online flow experience and customer loyalty. Additionally, smartphone addiction mediated the relationship between brand experience and customer loyalty. The analysis revealed that while online flow state significantly influenced brand experience, its direct effect on customer loyalty was insignificant. Moreover, the study identified that smartphone addiction plays a critical role in shaping customer loyalty, especially among young female users. These results emphasize the importance of designing ethical marketing strategies that enhance brand experience while considering the potential risks of smartphone addiction. This study contributes to the literature by being one of the first to examine these variables in an integrated model within the mobile commerce context.   

This study examines the impact of staff competence on procurement contract performance at Dodoma City Council. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 135 respondents, while qualitative insights were obtained from interviews with key informants. The findings reveal that a well-educated and experienced workforce significantly contributes to enhanced procurement outcomes, with over 55% of respondents holding bachelor’s degrees and a majority possessing 6 to 10 years of experience. The analysis indicates a strong positive correlation between staff competence and procurement contract performance, evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.65 (p < 0.001). Qualitative data further support these results, highlighting that knowledgeable staff navigate procurement processes more effectively, resulting in fewer disputes and delays. The study emphasizes the necessity for continuous professional development and training programs to maintain staff competence. Recommendations include implementing robust training initiatives and fostering a supportive management culture to optimize procurement practices. Overall, this research underscores the essential role of staff competence in public procurement, suggesting that enhancing staff capabilities can lead to improved contract performance.

Bill of lading is playing vital role in international commercial transaction. In terms of development it has been used in forms of paper until recent time. Due to the advent of technology and the inherent problems associated with being used in forms of paper results introduction of dematerialized bill of lading in the maritime industry. It is not abundantly used by the maritime community for reason mainly attributed to lack of uniform international law governing such dematerialized bill of lading. Ethiopia has tendency towards introduction of electronic bill of lading. However, there are concerns regarding compatibility of Ethiopian laws to accommodate digitalize bill of lading.  This paper looks into legal concerns of introducing electronic bill of lading and the existing Ethiopia legal environment in light of its room for accommodating electronic bill of lading and it revealed that the law has gaps to address the legal concerns associated with EBL.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of e-procurement on business profitability of SMEs during Covid-19 pandemic. This study has employed cross section design using both quantitative and qualitative data. The population of study involved five business sectors which were Communication, Construction, Agriculture, Health and Education. The study used convenience sampling to capture quantitative data and purposive sampling to capture qualitative data. Quantitative data were captured by using structured questionnaires while qualitative data were collected by using interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis. The result indicates that among the three variables tested ie (time, cost and risk) the variable of risk was significant with p-value of 0.03. In order to achieve the competitive advantage, SMEs should use e-procurement as a strategy to mitigate risks including Covid-19 pandemic to increase business profitability. The study provides insights of using e-procurement during Covid-19 to increase profitability of SMEs as a new concept in developing countries including Tanzania. 

Logistics sector is recognized as one of most important element of an advanced economies. Many studies tried to understand the relationship among the logistic sector and the prosperity of a country. We start to understand what is the meaning in the academic literature of logistic so as to better understand the Logistic Performance Index (LPI), published by the World Bank in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014. This research through the use of explanatory linear regression model was aimed to analyze the mediator role of Logistic Performance Index (LPI) on the relation between the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2007 to 2014 in Europe (EU 28).

The implementation of good governance, innovation in public sector is often done on an ad hoc basis, for example in response to new programs, budget disbursements, or requests to improve the quality of public services to be better delivered by the government. The alternative is to create a governance model that supports strategic management innovation, where innovation becomes an ongoing strategy to address efficiency goals and simplification of procedures across the public sector. The underlying philosophy is to develop an organization's ability to systematically improve the output of services provided to the public. Legal research in this study uses normative research. The omnibus method is appropriate, meets the requirements and is urgent to be used in the formation of Regional Regulations, which philosophically will provide benefits and legal certainty through the arrangement and consolidation of regulations. Theoretically, omnibus is an alternative method in order to improve and simplify regional regulations because it can change, revoke and form several regional regulations into one regional regulation.

There have been increased calls to link international trade law more pertinently with labor and environmental standards in recent years. This has seen a rise in the number of regional trade agreements incorporating labor standards. However, states have long appeared to be reluctant to seek enforcement of the labor standards through trade agreements. The EU-Korea panel report, considered in this contribution, is the first trade panel to hold a state to have breached labor standards in a trade agreement. This contribution reflects on this important decision and what it means for the trade-labor nexus in the future. However, this contribution also acknowledges the lack of enforcement mechanisms and questions whether trade tribunals with limited enforcement powers will be any more successful than the ILO in promoting compliance with international labor standards.

Consumer behavior study has become relevant in the present marketing and sociology studies. Several characteristics, specificities, and factors influence the customer, especially the woman in her decision-making process, preferences, buying behavior, the products she buys, and the stores or retailers where she goes. In addition, the cognitive dissonance theory is mostly used to explain consumer behavior, focusing on the dilemmas faced during various stages of purchasing behavior. Hence, the study aims to investigate the state of cognitive dissonance after a buying decision was made for Tunisian women. Specifically, it provides an overview of the decision-making patterns of women and the stage of their reaction after the buying process according to their psychographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics. For this research, a quantitative survey was used as a method to collect primary data in Tunisia from 402 women. This questionnaire was conducted among the women who had recently purchased a luxury apparel product. A multidimensional scale was used to measure the magnitude of dissonance for females, besides two other constructs were additionally added which are the impulsive buying and the purchasing decision involvement. The results show that there is no significant difference in the levels of cognitive dissonance due to demographic factors such as age, marital status, and employee status for all women, while it had a positive bearing on emotional dissonance amongst all women. There is also no significant effect for the impulse buying and the purchase decision on post-purchase dissonance. The findings of this research indicate that most of the women were satisfied with their last purchases and therefore, the level of cognitive dissonance is low. Hence, one key aim of this research is to demonstrate the harmony within cognitive and behavioral systems that can be adjudged as a part of the human condition.

Apart from the traditional bill of lading, numerous shipping documents have emerged relatively recently trying to offer a satisfactory solution to the bill’s crisis. Among them, sea waybills are very commonly used in contemporary transport operations, especially when bills of lading are not suitable and useful. In front of this development, many inquiries seem to arise, to which this article seeks to answer. In other words, the aim of this article is to analyse whether the sea waybill can provide security to lenders, such as banks, and to what extent. Answering to that question, the next inquiry is whether the straight bill of lading is tantamount to sea waybill or the traditional bill of lading, whatever this means regarding the legal implications, including, of course, the level of the furnished security.

Retailers must continually adjust to the realities due to the fast speed of today's society, which brings with it constant changes in fashion trends, technology advancements, and also the modification of lifestyle. Even though such improvements and adjustments are unnecessary, they must be made in order to keep the store attractive or to modernize the technical infrastructure and lower operating energy usage in the face of competition from new, similarly minded businesses. The functioning of the retail operation is heavily influenced by the architectural and design solution, where the customer must first arrive at the store, which then needs to draw them in and persuade them to make a purchase. Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of the shopping environment. Many stores rely on the fact that they have the most comfortable atmosphere, which forces the customer to stay in the store as long as possible. Sellers also try to make shopping an experience, making it necessary for the customer to feel satisfied in the store. Shopping atmosphere and control can help higher customer satisfaction. It is therefore very important to monitor the key factors that affect the atmosphere in the store. This article examines selected elements of the shopping atmosphere and its impact on consumers in electronic markets operating in Turkey, Germany, and England. It integrates research, survey, and observation into real terms of selected retail operations. Based on the findings, the conclusion on adapting selected factors influencing the atmosphere is proposed to improve the overall well-being of customers and thus their satisfaction during shopping.

The omnibus concept is intended to offer a solution to problems caused by too many regulations (over regulation) and frequent overlapping between regulations (overlapping). Both of these problems are not easy to solve in the usual way, because it will take a long time and a lot of money. In order to overcome these problems, the omnibus method is considered one of the responsive and progressive methods in solving the problems of over regulation and overlapping in Indonesia. The implementation of this research applies normative legal methods. There are several factors that cause too many regulations to be born in our country. First, many people think that every legal problem can be resolved by forming a regulation. Second, every examiner in carrying out their duties and functions always questions the existence or absence of regulations that serve as a legal umbrella or as a basis. Third, in determining the budget, the Ministry of Finance also often passes or does not pass the budget of ministries/institutions based on the existence or absence of regulations as a legal umbrella. The nature and urgency of the omnibus method regulation in Law 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation (PPP Law), when viewed with Aristotle's approach that the essence of law exists because of causality, the omnibus method regulation in the PPP Law is more inclined to be caused by the existence of a goal (causa finalis).

Unemployment is amongst most pressing economic challenges the Ethiopian economy has long been experiencing. Though the country succeeded in targeting overall unemployment most recently, graduate unemployment continued trending at higher rates over the years. We examined the impact of government education spending on the rate of graduate unemployment in Ethiopia, using yearly series of data over the periods spanning from 1991to 2019. The results of Augmented Dickey Fuller test revealed difference stationarity for all series of interest; while the suggested order of integration was one. The results of Johnson’s cointegration test indicated the existence of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables entered the test model. In determining the impacts of inflation rate (CPI), economic growth (RGDP) and public education spending on graduate unemployment, we employed Vector Error Correction Model as it enables us capture the short-run and long-run outputs instantaneously. According to VECM regression results, inflation rate and expenditure on education were found to have significant impact on the long-run growth rate of graduate unemployment. While the inflation rate contributed positively, government expenditure has negative influence on the rate of graduate unemployment towards validating the Keynesian theory of employment. Besides, the impacts of both variables were found to persist in the short-run. Both are estimated significant and consistent in sign in the short-run. However, economic growth was found to have a trivial role in explaining the rate of graduate unemployment in both the short-run and the long-run periods. Moreover, the results of VEC causality analysis revealed a significant unidirectional causality running from economic growth towards public funds available for financing education; but no causality was suggested in reverse. We recommend a drastic measure to advance the education sector through suitable investments in a manner that will help in skills development, productivity enhancement and entrepreneurship growth.

Global branding relies on brand management internationalization, which is critical to building and managing brands beyond national boundaries. This requires developing brand strategies that address the specific needs and preferences of international markets while maintaining the brand's essential values and character. Various theories and models have been proposed to guide brand management internationalization, including the standardization-adaptation debate, the cultural dimensions theory, the brand identity model, etc. As a case study, Nike is a well-known global brand that has managed its international brand image through effective brand management strategies. Nike's success in international markets is due to its ability to balance standardization and adaptation in its brand management approach. Nike has also successfully leveraged cultural differences across international markets to create emotional connections with consumers. The use of technology and digital platforms has also played a significant role in Nike's brand management and internationalization efforts. Overall, brand management internationalization is a critical aspect of global marketing that requires a deep understanding of international markets, cultural differences, and consumer behavior. By leveraging the appropriate theories and models, companies like Nike can successfully navigate the challenges of international brand management and create strong global brands that resonate with consumers across different geographies.

IETT, which manages land public transportation of Istanbul, serves to the customers in a broad area. So, measurement and assessment of its services is vital for urban transportation and life quality in Istanbul. For such reasons, it is necessary to evaluate its performance, determine level of quality and find areas for improvement. For such purposes, Service Quality Measurement Model (SQMM) is established and implemented by IETT in 2012. SQMM defines service quality and its boundaries, and determines methods to measure service quality at every contact point with customers according to eight main categories, which are availability, accessibility, information, time, customer care, comfort, security, and environmental impact, of EN 13816 Standard. EN 13816 Standard is based on service quality loop and evaluation of services from customer and operator perspective. All contact points are inspected implicitly and explicitly according to EN 13816 Standard. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to assign weights of main criteria in each contact point and weights of each contact point with respect to total score. In this study, scope, criteria and methodology of SQMM, audit mechanism produced as an outcome of the model, and gains are put forward in this study.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been growing its economic impact on all over the world since the declaration of Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. This initiative had been considered as a highly ambitious global initiative aimed at stimulating economic growth across Europe, Asia, and Africa. As of February 2025, there are 152 countries involved in the BRI initiative and a considerable number of African countries also take part in this initiative to be able to foster their economic condition along with this giant economic movement. To investigate the effects of China's BRI investments in African countries with an environmental approach, this study examines China’s green investments in African countries between 2013 and 2023, by using data from the China Global Investment Tracker, and employing descriptive statistical analysis. Focusing on 21 African BRI countries, green BRI investments from aspects of yearly trend, country distribution and sector allocation are analyzed. In the process of separating BRI investment records into green and non-green categories, it is found that green investments have grown rapidly around world over the decade, compared to non-green ones. The findings also indicate the recent years have witnessed an annual stabilization of 30% green investment. These green investments demonstrate a strategic emphasis on “resource acquisition and infrastructure building” with investments concentrated in resource-rich countries to secure essential minerals such as lithium and uranium, while simultaneously developing clean energy projects and infrastructure. Therefore, while these investments can foster sustainable development in African countries, they also pose environmental risks through mining investments, which require robust environmental assessments and governance to avoid Pollution Heaven problems.

The Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has created a catastrophic humanitarian crisis and threatened the stability of geopolitical relations. The war has added to mounting concerns about a sharp slowdown in global growth, a rise in inflation and debt and a surge in poverty. The economic impact of conflict has rippled through various global channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade and migration links and confidence. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of the Russia-Ukraine war on the global economy. While examining the economic impacts of the war in the research, the reports of organizations such as OECD, World Trade Organization, World Bank, UN, IMF, UNCTAD were used. According to the reports, it is possible to say that the conflict between Russia and Ukraine will affect the global economy via three main channels: financial sanctions, increase of commodity prices and supply chain disruptions. 

This study focuses on analyzing the effects of independent variables on two different stock markets, namely France and Turkey. To investigate these effects, a number of independent factors, including interest rates, inflation, exchange rate and GDP growth were analyzed. The study was carried out over a 21-year period, from January 2003 to December 2023, using quarterly data. The impact of the macroeconomic variables and the causal relationship between both countries are studied using methods such as the Unit Root test, Co-integration test, Heteroskedacity test, Autocorrelation test, Correlation, and Regression. The results show a significant positive relationship between GDP growth and stock index in both markets, as well as a positive relationship between exchange rate and stock returns. However, the difference occurs in the other independent variables, for inflation rate the impact is positive in Turkish market and is statistically insignificant in French case. Interest rate affects French market negatively and was found insignificant in Turkish case. These findings provide valuable insights for investors in understanding the drivers of stock market performance. Further research is needed to explore additional factors influencing stock returns.supervisor :RECEP BILDIK

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of COVID-19 which is classified as a global pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on March 2020. The novel Coronavirüs (COVID-19) pandemic affect all the economies and societies in a negative way due to the high rate of spread all over the world. Because of the increasing number of infected people, governments are trying to implement some restrictive policies to avoid the spread of the virus. Some of these practices may be in the form of regulation of working conditions, urban transportation, lockdowns etc.. The purpose of these restrictive policies is to try to reduce the spread of the virus with social distance applications. During the pandemic process, many economic effects occurred, such as the difficulties in international trade, imbalances in supply and demand, the impact of supply chains and fluctuations in the financial markets. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic from an economic perspective.

While the significance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption in business operations has been steadily growing, its impact on supply chain integration (SCI) and supply chain performance (SCP) remains unclear in the existing body of literature. This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of ICT adoption on SCI and SCP, delving into the presence of mediator and moderator variables. Using survey data collected from 259 participants in the dairy supply chain in Iringa, Tanzania, this quantitative study employs structural equation modeling to examine the impact of ICT adoption on SCI and performance, as well as to explore the role of SCI as a mediating factor and the moderating effect of age, gender, skills, and education level. The findings indicate that ICT adoption has no significant direct impact on SCP, as this relationship is entirely mediated by the three levels of SCI (SI, II, and CI), revealing how this connection is influenced by skills and education level. The study offers a comprehensive exploration of ICT adoption within the context of food processing supply chain performance, demonstrating how companies can harness the benefits of ICT adoption through SCI. It also underscores that ICT adoption alone does not enhance S CP; rather it is in tandem with a stable SCI that such improvements can be realized.

In the world, it is seen that foreign trade is the most important factor together with free capital flow in open economic order. Along with the development of foreign trade, many parameters in the domestic economic order of nations have interacted. The measurement of the open economic order, the indices for determining the level and the changes in the parameters which are used, is gaining importance in terms of being able to produce macro level policies on a national basis. In the study, the indices used for foreign trade were determined, and an econometric analysis was carried out to show the changes in the related indices in terms of income distribution. The analyzes revealed that the Kuznets curriculum was not correct after the 2001 crisis. Foreign trade volume is also supported by this data.

The possibility of holding general assemblies in electronic environment, which has been included in the Turkish Commercial Code (2012), and the restriction of physical travel opportunities of individuals during the pandemic process, and the electronic holding of general assemblies of Turkish companies with foreign partners gained importance. With this study, it is aimed to discuss how virtual general assemblies can be held and how solutions can be produced for the problems that may be encountered in the framework of both the pandemic measures and the current TCC.

Delivery reliability is a critical determinant of port supply chain performance, many developing ports continue to face operational inefficiencies that undermine their competitiveness. Zanzibar Port Corporation, which handles over 95% of the island’s trade, experiences persistent challenges in timely and accurate cargo delivery. These inefficiencies result in delays and reduced customer satisfaction, which negatively affect the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the port supply chain. Guided by the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model and Resource-Based View Theory, the current study examined the effects of delivery reliability on port supply chain performance. It focused on key delivery reliability dimensions including on-time delivery, order accuracy and tracking efficiency. A descriptive research design was employed, with structured questionnaires administered to 74 randomly selected port stakeholders. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Findings revealed that on-time delivery (B = 0.718, Beta = 0.783, p = 0.000) and tracking efficiency (B = 0.173, Beta = 0.183, p = 0.022) significantly improve port supply chain performance. while tracking efficiency and order accuracy require improvement. The model showed strong explanatory power (R² = 0.973), meaning delivery reliability dimensions explain most performance variation. The study concludes that while ZPC has effective practices in place, targeted improvements in tracking systems and standardization of operational procedures are necessary to enhance reliability. The findings have practical implications for port managers and policymakers, emphasizing that investments in internal processes and digital infrastructure under the Zanzibar Economy can strengthen supply chain efficiency and support sustainable regional trade growth.  

The study aimed at examining determinants of market access among vanilla farmers in Kagera region of Tanzania. The study achieved specific objectives as follows; (i) to examine determinants for market access of vanilla produce in Kagera region and (ii) to determine the effect of market access determinants on market access of vanilla produce in Kagera region. The use of a mixed-methods approach was considered appropriate with integration of both qualitative and quantitative data whereas a sample of 385 vanilla farmers and key agricultural informants were included. Stratified sampling followed by simple random sampling and purposive sampling were adopted in selecting the sample selection. Data collection made use of structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Analysis of qualitative data was achieved using content analysis whereas application of logit model in determining the effect of market access determinants on market access of vanilla produce was considered relevant. The findings revealed that cooperative engagements, transportation infrastructure, access to credit and geographic factor positively and significantly influence market access (p<0.05). The study urges to the government, policymakers and partners in development to focus on infrastructure development, cooperative engagement and extending more credit facilities aiming at improving access to vanilla market and the economic well-being of vanilla farmers, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Kagera. 

This paper emphasizes the lending patterns and determinants of the microfinance institutions' profitability in Ethiopian by taking the different levels and ownership microfinance institutions with survey data in an ordered logistic regression model. The variables of the study such as the loan term, collaterals, knowledge for credit, costs of the loan, interest rates, loan size, lending methodology, credit information and credit repayment period have statistically significant and creates the relationships with the microfinance institutions profitability by holding the positive and negative signs. In the underlying study, the directions of the signs of the variables show that the lending patterns of the microfinance institutions support the profitability status and also the other consequences that affect the microfinance institutions' profitability status. Under the results of the study, the lending patterns of the microfinance institutions bring advantages to the microfinance institutions' to recognizes financial sustainability and healthy financial operations. Although the microfinance institutions' profitability determinant shares the other financial institutions' determinant of profitability variables. The study recommends for a future line of studies to undertake the on the determinants of the microfinance institutions' profitability, addresses the study with taking into accounts of the lending patterns of the institutions as internal factors and also other financial institutions determining factors to investigate and accomplishes the future dreams of the microfinance institutions.

Turkey has always been a country that attracts the attention of investors due to its geopolitical position. Legislation regarding investment is shaped in line with the social and economic policies of the country. It is seen that our country has accepted investment-friendly regulations in the process up to now. In this context, the “Foreign Direct Investments Law” dated 2003 and numbered 4875 is the Law which should be examined as a priority. This Law brought two important changes in investment law. One of these innovations is the transition from the permission system to the notification system in foreign investment. The other innovation is related to who can be considered as a foreign investor. With the new regulation, Turkish citizens residing abroad will also be able to get investor status. We define stocks and capital market investments less than 10% and not giving a control on the company as indirect investments. Within the scope of our study, direct investments, indirect investments and their legal framework will be explained in accordance with the relevant legislation.

In addition to traditional threats to information as spying or leaking state secrets and business secrets appeared the new threats, among which the most dangerous is cyberterrorism. Taking into account the problems of cyber-terrorism, includes, in particular, the analysis of legislation aimed at ensuring the security of information systems of individual countries particular, this subject should be also recognized as requiring at the present time the insightful analysis. Therefore, this publication is an attempt of characteristics the determinants of this phenomenon and analysis of the latest legal solutions in the fight against cyber terrorism within the European Union. Moreover, it was made the attempt to find an answer to the question whether the current legal solutions of the European Union in the area of security are an effective tool in the fight against cyberterrorism.

In various countries, advocate organizations or Bar Associations in practice are not uniform in form (single bar, multi bar, federation), which is influenced by a number of factors including the legal system, history, professional development and choice of professional needs. Institutionally, the form and system with many advocate organizations in a country are acceptable, but the same standards are still needed to create standardized advocate quality. Referring to the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, the Government, Advocate Professional Organizations and Educational Institutions must jointly ensure that advocates undergo an adequate education and training system, and have knowledge of the duties and functions of an ideal and ethical advocate. Although the Advocate Law has adopted a single bar to carry out the function of a single regulator, in practice it shows that many organizations when carrying out the function of an advocate organization cannot in fact guarantee the same standards in maintaining the quality of the advocate profession. The process of recruiting advocates, for example, uses different standards between one organization and another, making it difficult to ensure the competence/quality of the same advocate. Enforcement of the Advocate Code of Ethics is also still considered insufficient, because advocates who are suspected of violating ethics when being processed in an advocate organization may still be able to change their membership to another advocate organization.

This study aims to examine the relationship between innovation performance, entrepreneurship orientation, and competitiveness in export companies. The sample comprises 170 employees from export companies. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used for reliability and validity analysis was performed. The research findings showed that entrepreneurship orientation affects competitiveness significantly and positively. Also, competitiveness affects by innovation performance. The correlations between the variables were found statistically significant and mediator effect were analyzed by Baron and Kenney method and confirmed by Sobel test. Innovation performance has mediator effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship orientation and competitiveness. 

The dynamics influencing employees' job satisfaction (EJS) exhibit considerable variations across sectors and professions. The current study investigates the workplace environment of job satisfaction for procurement professionals, with specific insights from the private sector in Tanzania. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey and a simple random sampling approach were utilised for data collection from 427 procurement professionals across the five districts of the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania. The study findings demonstrated high and moderate satisfaction with the social and physical work environments among procurement professionals. However, notable concerns emerged regarding unmanageable workloads, unhealthy work-life balance, lack of support for career development, unharmonised salary structures, inefficient performance management systems, and lack of autonomy and inclusive decision-making systems. Other issues include delays in salary payments, lack of promotion and growth opportunities, a disconnect between responsibilities and procurement skills, and unfair termination of employment. The study findings provide adequate evidence to assert that the work environment in the surveyed private organizations is not conducive. This is supported by the fact that 60.43% and 60.42% of the surveyed procurement professionals expressed dissatisfaction with their work environment and jobs, respectively. Subsequently, the study offers valuable insights for managers and policymakers, enabling them to formulate targeted strategies to enhance job satisfaction, overall well-being, and productivity of workforces in the private sector.

In traditional production systems, production is generally based on performance criteria such as total completion time, price and quality. Energy consumption or environmental impacts of prodcution systems are not often considered. This article deals with an NP-hard scheduling problem aiming to increase energy efficiency, which has been noticed by companies in recent years. A mathematical model is set up to minimize the total energy consumption in a single machine production system. Genetic algorithm method is used to solve this NP-Hard problem. To prove the efficiency of our model and algorithm, we use the sample problems in the reference paper. According to the test results, our model and algorithm have been shown to reduce energy consumption by 50% compared to the algorithm in the reference paper.

 This study, efforts were empirically to inspect the long-run association of total outstanding bank credit to the agriculture sector and its productivity in Ethiopia by employing a co-integrated VAR model technique, with annual data running from 1981–2015 agricultural productivity and total bank credit to the agricultural sector as variables of interest, and real government capital expenditure on agriculture, rural population, and seasonal break (dummy) as supplementary variables. A 1% permanent increase in agricultural bank credit was linked to a 0.13 percent increase in agricultural productivity. The speed of the adjustment coefficient was found to be negative and significant with 0.515 values, indicating that 51.5 percent of the deviation from long-run equilibrium caused by a disturbance and/or a shock in the system was eliminated within a year. Unlike to previous studies the financial development-economic growing nexus, there exist the absence of empirical research on causal association between agriculture productivity and bank credit to sector, at least as per  the literature review for this study in Ethiopia. In summary, small-holder farmers in particular, and agro-industrial-based entrepreneurs in general, were excluded from bank credit in Ethiopia for a long time. 

Generally, the study assessed the effect of E-tendering on procurement function efficiency in public sector organizations. The study was conducted in Morogoro municipality where a total of five public organizations were selected for the study. The population consisted of 147 PMU, finance and ICT personnel from the selected organizations of which 108 were sampled. Data was collected though a questionnaire since the study adopted a quantitative approach. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis as well as multiple regressions analysis to establish a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables. According to the findings of the study, it was revealed that e-tendering has significant effect on the procurement function efficiency Therefore; the study recommends that other studies to focus on other electronic tools in procurement and go beyond the effect of e-tendering on procurement efficiency. Also policies can be made in both public and private sector to enhance the use of e-tendering for better procurement function efficiency.

Commercial transformation of subsistence agriculture is vital towards transforming the sector, and the economy at large. Since agriculture accounts for the dominant role in terms of employment, foreign currency and source of staple food across developing countries, enhancing commercialization of smallholders’ agriculture is compelling policy choice among them. In this paper we examined the effect of rural infrastructure on smallholders’ crop input market participation with reference to Jimma zone. Censored Tobit approach was employed to model the relationships between degree of household market participation from input side and the provision of rural infrastructure. Distance to the nearest all-weather-road from the farm area was found important. Moreover, provision of rural credit services, communication services and rural market center have been significant contributors. Unfortunately, we estimated trivial coefficient for agricultural services in relation to rural commercialization. It seems surprising as various inadequacies in the provision of the services may be involved. The right approach for the future should consider efficiency as well as adequacy of the services being provided. It would be better to reach smallholders’ with necessary hard and soft infrastructures towards realizing multidimensional growth and transformational targets. Besides, interventions intensifying rural access to information are vital.

Transportation of both passengers and goods, in URT, has become a very important and paramount issue since the inception and commencement of the air aviation law in URT and the world in general. Several attempts have been made by partners’ states, that in the beginning, started and initiated a milestone journey to the point where the aviation law regime has reached today. The enactment of international laws governing the aviation industry had gone through several stages. With several challenges encountered and evidenced for several years, transportation of passengers and goods has become a must and paramount. URT as a party to several international air rules and Conventions, aircraft from within and outside URT, have utilized both domestic as well international conventions in ensuring that passengers and goods are transported within and all over the world and their safety and life are well safeguarded through air laws applicable within URT. This research article is aimed at examining various international conventions applicable to URT. The article generally attempts at showing the historical evidence on the carriage of passengers through various conventions to which URT is a party, and how transportation of passengers and goods has become possible. The research article also covers the issues of liabilities for air carriers operating in URT with a special focus on the Conventions that are applicable in URT and the extent of compensation that those Conventions guarantee as a result of personal or bodily injuries or loss of passengers’ goods that seem to be harmonized with current domestic aviation laws in URT.  

European Union Frame Programs is a research program with one of highest budget in the world. It operates for the purpose of the improving research and technology, to promote university-industry cooperation, creating mutual and powerful sources, providing human resources and to support international cooperation. It provides support with a specially established fund. In Turkey, European Union Programs coordination is done over TUBITAK. TUBITAK, aside from undertaking the job of being a coordinator for constituting international consortiums, it also promotes participation with various support and rewards. In this article, encouraging participation to European Union projects in order to move R&D activities in Turkey to a universal level, general overview will be provided to this process in order to be able to benefit from this effectively. In the direction of this general overview, world trends will be examined under Horizon 2020 headings while discussing the subject of transportation. Especially on the subjects of energy efficiency, smart cities, integrated transportation, effects of projects that are applied or aimed in the world on transportation will be examined. Near future of the transportation sector will be discussed and different models that can be adapted to Istanbul will be evaluated. Transportation potential that will be examined under these headings supported by Horizon 2020 is a pre-promotion to creating consortiums countrywide.

This study examines how influencer marketing affects consumer lifestyle branding in Tanzania, focusing on the role that audience perception plays. The research uses Source Credibility Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Perception Theory. It collects and analyses data from a group of Tanzanian urban young people, using a quantitative method with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The measurement model results showed that the constructs were reliable and valid. The structural model analysis showed that influencer marketing affects audience perception (β = 0.686, p < 0.001). Perception then affects lifestyle branding (β = 0.564, p < 0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that audience perception mediates the relationship between influencer marketing and lifestyle branding (β = 0.387, p < 0.001). The model showed average explanatory power (R² = 0.471 for perception, R² = 0.318 for branding). It also showed good predictive relevance. The findings highlight the significance of genuine influencers and credibility in shaping brand identity adoption. Companies should invest in long-term influencer partnerships, create content that fits the culture, and manage perception with a plan. This study adds to the literature about digital branding in Sub-Saharan Africa and it shows that perception acts as a link between marketing influence and lifestyle alignment.

The contribution and significances of procurement audit towards the procurement activities brought several debates in the country. This study examined the influence of the procurement audit on the procurement effectiveness of public organizations in Tanzania. The study identified compliance audit, value for money audit and strategic audit as the main procurement audits that are implemented in the public sector. The specific objectives were therefore, to ascertain the influence of each of the stated procurement audit on the procurement effectiveness. The study was carried out in Dar es Salaam city, surveying five public organizations (TRA, TTCL, DCC, MSD and TANESCO) that were selected to represent all other public organizations in generalizing the findings. In this survey design, 154 respondents were selected via snowball sampling techniques to represent a total of 250 respondents in data collection. Primary data were collected by self-administered questionnaires and four PPRA reports were reviewed to compile secondary data. Data were quantitatively analysed using inferential statistics; correlation and regression analysis with the aid of statistical Packages for Social sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics 23). The findings revealed that, value for money audit has high significant contribution to the procurement effectiveness followed by the compliance audit. On the other hand, the strategic audit showed an insignificant contribution to the procurement effectiveness. The study recommends, the government and PPRA to emphasize and ensure matters and recommendations given by procurement auditors are dealt accordingly while also strengthening procurement audit so as to improve procurement effectiveness and public funds management at large.

This article aims to establish a clear connection between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. Through this research, we aim to conclusively demonstrate how a company's corporate social performance impacts its financial success. Utilizing data from Turkish BIST30 index companies for the years 2010 to 2022, our findings indicate a negative association between corporate social responsibility disclosure and return on assets, implying a potential trade-off. Furthermore, the existence of CEO duality has got a positive influence on the return on assets. The findings underline the significance of a balanced strategy that considers both social and economic aims. By incorporating social responsibility into their operations, companies may contribute to a more sustainable and inclusive future while still attaining financial success.

Financial leasing is the transaction  in which a property needed by an investor (lessee) is leased for a contractual specified period of time through purchasing by a financial leasing company. A financial leasing takes place with a contract made between an investor and a financial leasing company.  The advantage of financial leading for an investor is that they can use the significant amount of money they have to allocate when they purchase the property in more strategical investments. Financial leasing is commonly used in the world and is also important for developing countries. Financial leasing transactions are carried out in Turkey, which is one of the developing countries with a legislation. Most of the sectors in which financial leasing transactions are made in Turkey are manufacturing, service and agriculture. The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the state of financial leasing in Turkey and  in the world by evaluating the operation, advantages and disadvantages of financial leasing.

The study is interested to review the challenges of the current Tanzania institutions framework dealing with protection of geographical indications with the view of exploring the alternative changes that can enable Tanzania to effectively deal with enforcement of domestic and international laws dealing with protection of geographical indications. In the end study recommends the possible wayward to strengthen the performance of the institutions dealing with protection and enforcement of geographical indications in Tanzania.

Regulatory inconsistencies of the host state, often based on the widely or vaguely construed rules, giving a way to expansive interpretation of the investor’s actions as misconduct. This allows for the regulator to impose expropriatory measures as a remedy to an alleged misconduct, distancing from responsibility for misapplication of the rule behind the ambivalent legal framework. The key question with regard to the considered problem, is whether its a state duty to inform, or investor’s duty to be aware of all possible consequences, pursuant to the principle of 'prudent investor'. Complexity of the issue necessitates to tackle the problem in multifaceted way, with application of the complex of Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard constituents, as transparency, legitimate expectations, requirements for consistent, stable and predictable framework.

The study explores the usefulness of digital marketing strategies (DMS) in promoting the awareness of mental health in Asia as it investigates relationships between DMS, ethics, feedback processes, target audiences, and marketing aims. Quantitative approach was adopted and 200 professionals working in the mental health sector in Asia were surveyed. The proposed model was tested in terms of SPSS and SmartPLS. The results indicated positive correlations between DMS and marketing goals, target audience and ethics, and target audience and marketing goals. Ethics, however, did not produce any significant influence in the feedback mechanisms. The results indicate that successful mental health marketing is based on proper targeting of audience and a need to use culturally suitable language. The research leads to the literature on marketing in digital health by providing a vision on the ethical and strategic opportunities of mental health organizations to magnify their reach in sensitive and diversified environments.

Commercial diplomacy has been of interest to researchers in the context of export development due to the many empirical studies indicating that the international economic integrations provide more growth and employment for the governments and internationalization for the enterprises. Unlike the strict and/or regional economic integrations, MIKTA was created as an informal and cross-regional group of ‘middle powers’ bringing together Mexico, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and Australia in 2013. Being distant apart from each other geographically and having many differences besides their similarities, each of the member states is considered influential in their regions and of high importance for the paradigm shift to a new world order. This paper aims to figure out if MIKTA has been utilized as a powerful advocate for enhancing exports of the member states while also resuming sustainable economic growth. For this reason, it is analyzed to what extent the members’ exports were and have become sophisticated, meaning capital intensive or labour intensive, over the past 20 years and how the members’ economic growth rates were contributed. For the analysis, PRODY and EXPY indices are calculated representing the sophistication levels of, respectively, product groups and the total exports of the states.

The study examined the Effect of International Procurement of Goods on Performance of the Procurement Function in the Public Sector Entities in Tanzania. Procurement encompasses all activities related to obtaining any goods, works, or services, such as specification of requirements, selection and invitation of tenderers, preparation and award of contracts. Procurement is defined as the buying, purchasing, renting, leasing, or other acquisition of any goods, works, or services by a procuring entity (URT, 2011). The study adopted the descriptive design. Data was collected from 52 respondents from TPA through questionnaires. The sample was chosen using Judgment/ Purposive Sampling methods to select the sample. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics including frequency, and percentage were used to analyze the data. Furthermore, inferential analysis was conducted whereby regression analysis was used to show the relationship between variables. Data was presented by using Tables. The study found that the methods used in international procurement has a significant effect on performance of the procurement function. Furthermore, the study found that the modes of transport used in international procurement has a significant effect on performance of the procurement function. Moreover, the study found that the quality assurance procedures used in international procurement has a significant effect on performance of the procurement function. Methods used in international procurement, modes of transport used in international procurement and quality assurance procedures used in international procurement have a favored impact on has a significant effect on performance of the procurement function. The study recommends that, the management of the public sector should pay attention on procurement methods, modes of transport and  quality assurance practices used in International Procurement of goods  to protect and increase the quality of the goods procured in order to improve performance of the procurement function.

In recent years, due to global crisis and economic slowdown, major countries have been pushed to make economic actions. Currency wars have been debated and summoned again as before used in economic history to deal with economic slowdown by developed and emerging countries such as US, China, EU and Japan. Their actions on exchange rate policies would affect their bilateral trade balance as mentioned previous literature. Previous literatures have investigated bilateral country trade balance. This study, differs from previous ones, has investigated whether these countries’ cross exchange rates have an interaction with Turkey foreign trade. Data started from 2012:01 to 2019:09 which was one of milestone of currency wars. By help of ARDL econometric model, different level of stationary series have been used in same model to understand the long run and short run relationships among variables. It seems that, in long run EU, US and China economic actions on currency policies might be affected Turkey’s trade volume, externally. EUR/CNY currency has statistically insignificant results for two analyzed trade market.

Businesses that are involved in international commerce are beginning to recognize the growing importance of digital media as a tool. Utilizing digital media in international commerce may result in a number of positive outcomes, including higher productivity, decreased expenses, and enhanced levels of communication. However, digital media also presents important obstacles, such as risks associated with cybersecurity, the existence of a digital divide, and the need for new rules at the international level. In this study, we investigate the expanding importance of digital media in international commerce and talk about the advantages, disadvantages, and future possibilities of this phenomenon. In addition to this, the paper offers suggestions for both governments and enterprises for how to make the most of digital media in international commerce.

The point where intellectual capital turns into value and gains meaning and quality in the real world is expressed as core competencies, because the concept of core competencies is described as the area where the organization emphasizes its unique features or products in order to provide sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, it is stated that intellectual capital affects core competencies and this approach is necessary for the motive of survival and competitive advantage of startups. In the relation between the two concepts, the mediating effect of environmental conditions and the perception of environmental uncertainty is quite determinant, especially under the pandemic (Covid-19) conditions. Modeling the relationship except perception of environmental uncertainty regarding to the situation may prevent accurate generalizations. Based on the literature and similar empirical researches in this field, this study discusses the impact analysis between intellectual capital and core competencies within the mediating role of the perception of environmental uncertainty. Impact analysis and mediation role were analyzed using the structural equation model and an online questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The Covid-19 global pandemic which took place while the study was in progress, did not allow to face-to-face questionnaire method during the data collection process of the study as a result of the pandemic affecting the whole world and people being quarantined at home. The sample of the research is entrepreneurs working in startups. Online surveys were sent to 2.762 entrepreneurs from 6.614 startups, which constitute the universe of the research, and data from 245 participants were included in the analysis of the research. In the data analysis of this research SPSS and LISREL software programs were preferred, and hypotheses created referring to hypothetical and empirical studies were tested with the structural equation model technique. As a result of the study, it was determined that the perception of environmental uncertainty has a mediating role in the impact analysis on intellectual capital and core competencies of startups.

The main purpose of this research is to determine the effects of the sub-dimensions of organizational commitment (affective, continuance, and normative) on the concept of firm performance. Another aim of the study is to determine whether the sub-dimensions of organizational commitment differ in intergenerational. Within the scope of this aim, employees in banking sector were identified as “population”. This survey was applied to 209 employees in the banking sector in April 2021. Survey results were analyzed by the SPSS-20 program. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that affective commitment does not have a significant effect on firm performance. It has been shows that continuance commitment has a negative and significant effect on firm performance. Also, normative commitment has a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Finally, it was concluded that there was no difference in the affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment levels of bank employees belonging to the X and Y generations.

This study investigates the impact of Sephora's femvertising brand campaign on consumer perceptions in the beauty industry, with a specific focus on brand image, the effectiveness of femvertising advertisements, and potential influences on future cosmetic brand choices. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 participants in Türkiye, and thematic analysis revealed significant insights. The findings highlight Sephora's significant influence on participants' understanding and engagement with the brand. Participants recognized Sephora as a well-known brand, attributing it to effective marketing efforts, collaborations with influencers, and a strong social media presence. The study also revealed diverse perceptions and preferences regarding beauty standards and product usage. Participants acknowledged Sephora's unique qualities, such as premium products and a pleasant in-store experience, while price was mentioned as a limiting factor. Notably, the specific Sephora ad, "the unlimited power of beauty," resonated strongly with participants, emphasizing self-acceptance, inclusivity, and brand activism. Overall, the study underscores the importance of brand awareness, strategic marketing, inclusivity, and empowering messages in shaping consumer perceptions, fostering brand activism, and influencing future brand choices within the competitive beauty industry. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of femvertising in consumer behavior and provide valuable insights for marketers and practitioners in the beauty industry.

The aim of this study is to analyze different behaviors of Generation Y employees from the others in organizational settings, who are growing in number in business life. Accordingly, a logistics firm was taken as the sample of this study to have a better understanding of the subject. Within this context, the introduction part explains distinctive characters of generations, divides them chronologically and refers to significant differences and gaps among different generations. The study, in addition, summarizes findings and results of other relevant studies. The last part, on the other hand, analyzes the results of a research conducted on ninety-six employees of a logistics firm in order to examine behavioral differences of Generation Y employees in organizational settings. According to the results of this study, generation Y employees are different from the other generations in terms of commitment to parents, workplace fun, taking initiative, understanding of the environment and social responsibility, usage of social media, and dressing style behaviors; however, they do not show any significant difference in multi-tasking and attention, privacy, leadership in team working, evaluation and rewards in team working, and organizational support in team working.

Industrial revolutions have played very important roles on the business world, the public and non-governmental organizations, which are defined as the third sector today, and have caused differences. The first industrial revolution and the fourth revolution at the beginning of the twenty-first century, in terms of leaving a structural and lasting impact, leave more radical traces than the others. In terms of both revolutions, "technological unemployment" and "technological unemployment anxiety", which are the most important macro variables, are common aspects. Every industrial revolution has social, economic, political, technological, legal and environmental effects. In this study, by making a literature review on technological unemployment, which is one of the most important parameters of the social and economic factors created by Industry 4.0, which is known as the fourth industrial revolution and still continues its process in the period of this study, strengths and weaknesses are discussed, opportunities and threats are evaluated and a SWOT analysis was made. By working on new business models, the concept of neo-Ludimz was introduced with a different perspective.

This study investigated the influence of procurement planning assessment on procurement performance in Parastatal organizations in Dodoma, Tanzania. The study was conducted in Dodoma, chosen due to persistent suboptimal procurement performance trends indicated in the 2021 CAG Report. The theories guiding the study were the resource-based view and compliance performance reform cycle model. A mixed-methods approach was employed in the study. The research design adopted was a cross-sectional survey. Simple random and purposive sampling were utilized, the study involved a sample size of 134 respondents in the study area. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires and qualitative data was collected through interviews Data analysis of the proposed study used is descriptive analysis and inferential statistics using regression analysis to analyze the quantitative data. While qualitative data analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The findings revealed significant positive relationships between procurement planning assessment and procurement performance. This implied that the study underscored the importance of procurement planning assessment in enhancing procurement performance within Parastatal organizations. The findings suggested the need for policymakers and organizational leaders to prioritize strategic procurement planning assessment to optimize procurement processesThe study recommended the establishment of structured processes for planning, implementation, and evaluation of strategic procurement planning practices.

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-making algorithm developed by Dr. Saaty. It has many applications as documented in Decision Support System literature. The importance of decisions in the oil pipeline industry is reflected in the magnitude and nature of the industry. Worldwide, pipelines transport natural gas, crude oil, and finished oil products over long distances within countries and across borders to meet energy needs. Within this proposal for decision to select the best option between multi-band variable options to arrange pipeline for transportation oil safely with lowest cost from selected point in Shabwah production oil fields S1, S2 by using AHP.in connection with current oil export terminals and pipelines available routs in Yemen, Pipeline to Rass Issa Port via safer Company-Option(1). Shabwah -Safer Mareb, Pipeline Port of Al Shahr (Al Daba) via Petro masila company Option (2). Shabwah -Masila -Hadramout, Pipeline to port (Bir Ali) via MOPS block 4 YCOM company Option (3),Shabwah selected point to MOPS, Pipeline to Aden Port Via Aden Refinery Option (4),Shabwah -Aden refinery. In this study we trying to select the best way to build a new pipeline for the Shabwah region for transportation of oil  from Shabwah production  fields to exports safely with lowest cost   by using  AHP method for comparison and pairwise selection between options and studying the criteria of comparison  which was listed with the following : Criteria of Pairwise Comparison-according to ,(1).Length and distance, (2).Land nature and uses,(3). Risk assessment,(4).Cost of construction,(5).Maintenance operation,(6).Geopolitical parameter.

All over the world, the shipping practice has become an evolving landscape and common issues, particularly in carriage of goods by sea.  Again, the diversity of transport documents, bill of lading for example, has become a source of confusion and dispute among the shipping companies, bankers, carriers and cargo receivers. In advent and the rise of containerization system as a means of transporting goods from one place to another, it is a common practice, in some occasion that goods are transported and shipped with multimodal transport documents involved. Stakeholders in shipping sectors have been asking themselves with a number of questions on the matter in question without proper answers. One of the interesting questions, which are normally asked, is, for instance, on whether consignee who is named in such a multimodal transport documents covering goods carried partly by sea, may make use of the statutory provisions on the receipt function of bills of lading if any difficulty arises, and possibilities of such documents to be treated as a bill of lading in the eyes of the existing laws. The next alarming and puzzling question among shipping companies is on different parcels of cargo, which is intended to be loaded at different destination, what particulars in relation to such cargo should be shown in such consolidated bill of lading and what will be its evidential effects as per laws. Another puzzling issue which has raised eye brows among shipping stakeholders is on the problem of presence of defects in goods under consolidated bill of lading practice in as far as laws are concerned. Here, such confusion is possible since the determination of the dispute may seem to be difficulty under prevailing circumstances. This research article therefore, intends to unearth the issue of diversity of the of transportation documents including bill lading in carriage of goods by sea with a special focus on domestic and international law practice in Mainland Tanzania. To make all what have been stated above possible, there is a need of having a strong legal framework built by coherence of both domestic and international law rules.

The Article No. 153 of the Law of Criminal Procedure, which regulates the power of the counsel to examine the file, has been amended by the Law No. 6572, the Article No. 44, dated 02.12.2014. According to the amendment, if the power of the counsel to examine the content of the file or taking copies of the documents jeopardizes the purpose of the investigation, it can be limited by the judge upon request of the prosecutor. However, limiting the power of the counsel to examine the investigation file is against the European Convention on Human Rights and the Constitution. Indeed, the European Convention on Human Rights gives a ruling of violation of right in cases where it determines such a limitation of power. The power of the counsel to examine the content of the file is the sine qua non of a fair trial. It also serves the purpose of revealing the truth. In this study, we will try to examine the effect of the amendment made with the Article 44 of the Law No. 6572 about power of the counsel to examine the file on the fair trial principle.

The special task of protecting, maintaining and upholding the sovereignty in country from interference to other countries is carried out by the state security unit called the armed forces, which has now been changed to the Indonesian National Army (TNI). TNI sovereignty security unit has powers that include the land dimension under authority of the Indonesian Army (TNI-AD), the air dimension under Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU), and the sea dimension under Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL). This research is a normative legal research. he prohibition on LGBT practices based on the TNI Commander's Telegram Letter Number ST/1648/2019 dated October 22, 2019, interpretively emphasizes the prohibition of same-sex sexual relations, and not the existence of LGBT in the TNI institutional environment. This regulation should be carried out through a law whose formation involves parliament as the people's representative, because the prohibition is related to the limitation of human rights, namely sexual relations. 

Japan and the US are two major global trading partners that have at times been at odds regarding each other’s international trade policies. In particular, the ongoing US trade deficit in goods with Japan has been one of the primary disputes between Japan and the US. However, the recent withdrawal of the US from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) sent a clear signal that the US would take a new approach to international trade issues and has potentially paved the way for a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) with the remaining TPP countries, including Japan. This paper contributes to the debate on the potential economic impact of a Japan–US FTA (JUFTA) by evaluating whether it could enable the US to eliminate its trade deficit in goods with Japan. To do this, we measure the potential impact of a JUFTA using a dynamic Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. We find that a JUFTA is unlikely to enable the US to eliminate its trade deficit in goods with Japan, although the deficit will certainly decrease as a result.

Improved potato production plays a vital role in improving agricultural production and yield enhancing policy in central Ethiopia, particularly in the Duna district. Improved potato is a globally produced cash crop and it accounts for fourth place in the world yield. Improved potato yield is key crop in improving potato growers’ income, and nutritional status. In the agriculture, improved potato is an essential means to leave poverty and food insecurity for many cultivators. Despite the district's better environment and good yield enhancing condition for improved potato, the production is meager. Hence, this research investigates factors affecting improved potato production in central Ethiopia, using data from 189 respondents in the 2022/23 main potato growing season in the Duna district. Both primary and secondary data were used for the data analysis. Descriptive and binary logit methods were applied in this study. The findings of the logit model indicated education, age, off-farm activity, access to land, livestock holding, household soil fertility, fertilizer use, use of credit, access to extension service, provision of improved seed, and the distance to market were important factors influencing improved potato production. The results show that improved potato production at the household level reduces rural farm households’ food insecurity and poverty due to improving the income of improved potato growers. Therefore, the agricultural sector should give a vital role and attention to improved potato production. This is the key option to boost improved potato production in the study district.

 The Central African Republic is an extremely impoverished country that has seen little development since its independence from France in 1960. It is ranked 180 out of 186 countries on the U.N. Human Development Index (report 2016) and is in the Fund for Peace’s top 10 failed states, next to Haiti and Afghanistan. The latest surge of violence in the country began when the Séléka rebels captured power in March 2013. They were responsible for mass killings, sexual violence, and looting. This paper critically analyses the factors that led to the outbreak of that conflict one of which the role that played by the foreign actors in this conflict. The research found that there are four main elements that caused   the conflict in the CAR including exclusion, repression, and competition over resources and foreign involvement. One of the important reasons behind that conflict is an economic factor which is the struggle for power and resources among political elites. The paper also found the repression combined with exclusion policies adopted by the Bozize and the precedent regimes also contributed to the outbreak of violence in CAR finally, the empirical evidence showed that there was a deep economic crisis behind the conflict, with the withdrawal of foreign investors the   Commercial crops such as cotton, coffee, also have deteriorated as well as the exploitation of forest income has declined.   

This study examines the impact of supply chain responsiveness, flexibility, and quality on a firm’s ability to attract, satisfy and retain its customers. Moreover, mediating impact of logistics process responsiveness among operation system responsiveness, supplier network responsiveness, supply chain flexibility, supply chain quality, and customer development is examined as well. For this study we have used the quantitative approach, a survey-based method for data collection with a total of 155 questionnaires distributed to FMCG firms in Jakarta with 119 usable responses retrieved. The effects of supply chain responsiveness, flexibility, and quality on customer development were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS). The result confirmed the positive impact of supply chain responsiveness, flexibility, and quality on customer development. The finding also showed that the operations system responsiveness, supplier network responsiveness, supply chain flexibility, and quality drive the logistics system responsiveness. Additionally, logistics process responsiveness partially mediated the effect of operations system responsiveness, supplier network responsiveness, supply chain flexibility, and supply chain quality on customer development.

Coal is a natural resource contained in the earth, and is controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of all Indonesian people. State control over coal is stated in Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia. Coal is a mining excavation that has great potential in contributing to state foreign exchange, and has an important meaning in improving the welfare of the community. Coal is a non-renewable natural resource, so its management must be based on the principle of caution, transparency and consideration of economic interests and the preservation of environmental functions in accordance with its designation. To realize this principle, mining management must be equipped with a mining business permit, which is attached to the obligation for mining business actors to carry out reclamation and post-mining as an effort to maintain environmental functions in accordance with its designation, and at the same time protect the community from the dangers of former mining excavations.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the effect of each sub-dimension of the logistics performance index on foreign trade coverage ratio.  The multiple regression method was used to decompose the effect of each sub-dimension. In the study, secondary data prepared by international institutions was used. SPSS program was used to perform the analyses. Although this study initially predicted that the LPI sub-dimensions had a positive effect on the coverage ratio, all the hypotheses, except for the infrastructure, were rejected. As a result of this study, positive effect of infrastructure on foreign trade coverage ratio has been found to be statistically significant.

This article underscores the pivotal role of high-quality services trade in global economic performance, specifically focusing on BRIC countries and Türkiye. The services trade is itself becoming an increasingly important research topic from theoretical, empirical and practical (policy) perspectives. It is suggested that ‘during the 20th century, the industrial sector was reducing its relevance and the third sector; the services becoming more and more relevant’.‘The services are playing an ongoing critical role in transforming international trade and investment patterns, both through enabling the development of value chains and through creating value chains in their own right. The paper highlights the positive impact of sophisticated services exports on economic growth in developing nations. The study assesses the evolution of BRICS' and Türkiye's services exports over the past two decades, using the PRODY and EXPY indices to measure sectoral productivity and export sophistication. The findings have significant implications for researchers and policymakers in developing countries, including Türkiye, as they navigate the changing global services economy. The keywords "services exports sophistication," "high-value-added services," "BRIC," and "Türkiye & Emerging Economies" capture the core themes of the research

Due to a lot of public money which is spent on procurement of works the performance of this procurement is important. Despite of other studies conducted to determine determinants of procurement performance in public organizations but many of them they based on quantitative design and still there were poor performance of procurement of works in public sector led to the conduction of this study so as to fill the empirical gap. The general objective of the study was to determine the factors influence procurement performance of works in public organizations, where the specific objectives are to ascertain the influence of information on procurement performance of works, to determine the influence of professionalism on procurement performance of works, to ascertain the influence of ethical standards on procurement performance of works and to determine if working environment influence procurement performance of works. The study was conducted at Morogoro Region include TANROADS and TBA as a case. Agency theory and Institutional theory together with empirical studies conducted in developed and developing countries were used as basis for the developing of the conceptual framework. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. The Judgmental sampling technique was used to collect data from 137 respondents using structured questionnaires and to collect data from 10 respondents through interviews. One way Anova and Multiple regression were used to analyze quantitative data while explanation building process was used for qualitative data. The study findings through regression analysis indicate that ethical standards and working environment were significant influence procurement performance of works in public organizations since they have significant value of 0.009 and 0.000 respectively which is below 0.05 while professionalism and information were insignificant determiners with significant values of 0.267 and 0.450 respectively which is above 0.05. The study had several implications to policy makers and practitioners and suggests future studies to determine procurement performance in both public and private sector.