Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law
Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law (e-ISSN 2149-9748) is a refereed, bi-annual, periodical journal containing original papers in English. Published since 2015, all research articles in the Journal are being reviewed by at least two referees after an initial editorial screening. The views expressed in the papers are under the responsibility of authors. The editors do not necessarily agree with the views expressed in the papers. All the copyright privileges of the papers accepted for the publication belong to Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law.
Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). All manuscripts which are submitted to the Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law should not be published, accepted and submitted for publication elsewhere. In case an article is accepted for publication it is allowed to combine the articlewith other researches, to conduct a new research on the article or to make different arrangements on condition that the same license is used including the commercial purpose. It is the author's responsibility to obtain signed permission from the copyright holder to use and reproduce text, illustrations, tables, etc., published previously in other Journals, electronic or print media. The signed permission letter must be submitted together with the signed cover letter. Authors are required to disclose any sponsorship or funding received from any institution relating to their research. The authors retain the copyright of their work for all papers published in Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law. The authors' archiving rights are as follows: - Submitted Version: It can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository. - Accepted Version: After publication, it can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository. - Published Version: After publication, it can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository.
Examining the Impact of Staff Competence on Procurement Contract Performance at Dodoma City Council
This study examines the impact of staff competence on procurement contract performance at Dodoma City Council. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 135 respondents, while qualitative insights were obtained from interviews with key informants. The findings reveal that a well-educated and experienced workforce significantly contributes to enhanced procurement outcomes, with over 55% of respondents holding bachelor’s degrees and a majority possessing 6 to 10 years of experience. The analysis indicates a strong positive correlation between staff competence and procurement contract performance, evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.65 (p < 0.001). Qualitative data further support these results, highlighting that knowledgeable staff navigate procurement processes more effectively, resulting in fewer disputes and delays. The study emphasizes the necessity for continuous professional development and training programs to maintain staff competence. Recommendations include implementing robust training initiatives and fostering a supportive management culture to optimize procurement practices. Overall, this research underscores the essential role of staff competence in public procurement, suggesting that enhancing staff capabilities can lead to improved contract performance.
The Influence of Staff Technical Skills on Public Procurement Performance in Tanzania: A Case of Chamwino District Council
This study investigated the relationship between staff technical skills and Public Procurement Performance within Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. The study was conducted in Chamwino District Council, chosen due to persistent suboptimal procurement performance trends indicated in the 2021 CAG Report. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, data was collected using structured questionnaires administered to staff members. Probability sampling techniques were utilized for selecting respondents, and a pre-test survey was conducted to ensure data reliability. Data analysis involved quantitative and qualitative methods, including descriptive, multiple regression, and content analysis. The key findings revealed a statistically significant impact on staff technical skills on public procurement performance. The study concluded that there are substantial gaps in staff technical skills and training, which impact procurement performance. Recommendations include targeted training programs to enhance staff competency and improve procurement outcomes.
Impact of Customer Relationship Management on Customer retention in Tanzania Airline industry
This study investigated the impact of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) on customer retention in the Tanzanian airline industry, focusing on the influence of CRM practices, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The study adopted a theoretical framework based on Relationship Marketing Theory to understand the relationship between CRM and customer retention. A cross-sectional research design was employed, collecting data from a diverse sample of Tanzanian airline passengers using simple random and purposive sampling techniques. A total of 251 airline passengers and 10 supervisors from airline companies and the Tanzania Airport Authority participated in the study. Data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires and interviews for qualitative data. The data was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Linear Regression Analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics 27, along with Thematic Analysis for qualitative data. The study's findings indicated that CRM practices (Beta = 0.598, p < 0.001), customer loyalty (Beta = 0.588, p < 0.001), and customer satisfaction (Beta = 0.229, p = 0.001) significantly influence customer retention. The findings suggest that while customers perceive CRM efforts positively, improvements are needed in trust, commitment, and pricing strategies. The study provides valuable insights for Tanzanian airlines to enhance service delivery and retain customers, contributing to the body of knowledge on CRM and customer retention in the airline industry.
Impact of Trade Dynamics on Economic Growth in SADC Strata
This study investigates the relationship between trade ratios and economic growth within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), focusing on how varying trade dynamics impact economic performance across different country categories. Utilizing dynamic fixed effects regression analysis, the study quantifies the significance of total trade, exports, imports, and trade-in-service ratios on GDP growth. Major findings reveal a positive and statistically significant impact of exports to GDP ratios on economic growth, with a parameter estimate of 0.572, particularly in non-CMA and coastal countries. In contrast, imports to GDP ratios demonstrate a negative relationship, with an estimated -0.314, highlighting the detrimental effects of import dependency. The analysis also shows that manufactured imports negatively impact growth, with a parameter estimate of -0.271. In contrast, agricultural raw material imports can facilitate growth in landlocked nations, indicated by an estimate of 0.342. The study concludes that fostering export-oriented strategies and enhancing local production capabilities are essential for sustainable economic growth. Given these empirical results, policymakers should harmonise trade dynamics by promoting high-value exports, reducing reliance on manufactured imports, and supporting agricultural sectors to enhance overall economic resilience in the SADC region.
Economic Analysis of Contract Law: How the Eyes of Economics Work While Delivering Justice with Unprejudiced Hands of Existing Indonesian Contract Law
Legal issues surrounding contracts are never easy to solve, especially those concerning the nature and rules of contract law amid the development paradigm of the law itself. It is not surprising that one of the classic problems of contract law lies in the suitability of regulatory governance which is expected to be able to adapt to the demands of the times and its relevance on the actual side. This shows that the law is prone to aging. This kind of rapid change makes the age of law like corn, so legal restoration cannot be focused/expected on legal reform alone. On the existing paradigm, Law and Economics offers several concepts as an ideal model that can guide legal activities while uniting the disparity of legal outcomes. Some fundamental concepts of economics can be constellated with the law as an economic approach to law, in this case, contract law, to re-concretize legal needs in contracting. Contract performance as a legal practice must also go hand in hand with other social activities. Here, Law and Economics is present to obtain clarity of contract law to be more responsive, relevant, contextual, and actual.
Bibliometric Analysis of Circular Economy and International Trade
The themes of circular economy and international trade are two significant areas of study that are complementary to each other in the realization of sustainable development goals. On one side, a circular economy provides an economic model intended to ensure the effective use of natural resources with the least possible generation of waste; on the other side, international trade will help to evaluate the potential success and effectiveness of the model in question all around the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the academic output and effectiveness in these fields based on a bibliometric analysis of the literature of circular economy and international trade. This work has the main objectives of follow-up of the evolution of research disciplines, identification of scientific networks, and gaps in the existing literature. In the present paper, data were retrieved from papers indexed in the Scopus database from 2008 to 2024 and were visualized in VOSviewer. With a comprehensive assessment of the change and nature of research about the circular economy and international trade, the current study supplies necessary information for future research directions and spots imperative areas for further analysis. Such research brings knowledge to scholars on recent trends, key publications, and authority authors in their field of study.
The Influence of Procurement Planning Assessment on Public Procurement Performance in Tanzania: A Case of Parastatal Organizations in Dodoma
This study investigated the influence of procurement planning assessment on procurement performance in Parastatal organizations in Dodoma, Tanzania. The study was conducted in Dodoma, chosen due to persistent suboptimal procurement performance trends indicated in the 2021 CAG Report. The theories guiding the study were the resource-based view and compliance performance reform cycle model. A mixed-methods approach was employed in the study. The research design adopted was a cross-sectional survey. Simple random and purposive sampling were utilized, the study involved a sample size of 134 respondents in the study area. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires and qualitative data was collected through interviews Data analysis of the proposed study used is descriptive analysis and inferential statistics using regression analysis to analyze the quantitative data. While qualitative data analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The findings revealed significant positive relationships between procurement planning assessment and procurement performance. This implied that the study underscored the importance of procurement planning assessment in enhancing procurement performance within Parastatal organizations. The findings suggested the need for policymakers and organizational leaders to prioritize strategic procurement planning assessment to optimize procurement processesThe study recommended the establishment of structured processes for planning, implementation, and evaluation of strategic procurement planning practices.
The Impact of Educational Services on International Students Satisfaction: International Students in Turkish Universities
Educational services have become crucial to student satisfaction and educational experience, especially for international students who need to adjust to a new educational environment. The research used an online survey, which effectively collected data from 177 students enrolled at six universities in Istanbul. The findings, based on a comprehensive examination of current literature and an analysis of quantitative data, show a positive correlation between education service and student satisfaction.
The Extent of Social Media's Influence on The Decisions Of Consumers
Social Media is part of the 21st century, it cannot be escaped as it has become an essential way that society communicates its ideas, beliefs and feelings. Jenny (2016), stated “Social media can be broadly defined as the set of interactive Internet applications that facilitate (collaborative or individual) creation, curation, and sharing of user-generated content”. Data was collected from 332 respondents, revealing significant insights into consumer behavior. A large proportion (48.8%) of respondents indicated that they may change their initial purchase decision after researching relevant information on social media. The study also found that 97.6% of respondents believe social media makes decision-making easier, highlighting its effectiveness as a tool for consumers. On customer retention, results suggest that social media enhances customer service and provides reliable, efficient information. However, a considerable portion (40.9%) disagreed that social media alone can change initial purchase preferences. The findings underscore the power of social media in shaping consumer behavior, improving customer service, and driving business growth, while also highlighting challenges related to the credibility of information. Chi-square tests confirmed the significance of these findings, suggesting that social media plays a crucial role in modern marketing strategies.
Examining the Influence of Employee Commitment on the Performance of Employees in Education Sector in Local Government Authorities (Lgas) in Tanzania
This study investigated the influence of employee commitment, specifically focusing on creativity, innovation, and proactiveness, on the performance of employees in the education sector within Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, the study sampled 130 participants—30 management personnel selected through purposive sampling and 100 staff members using simple random sampling. Data were gathered via questionnaires for staff and in-depth interviews with management. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant positive relationships between the commitment variables and employee performance. Creativity had the highest impact with an unstandardized coefficient of 4.521 (p = 0.009) and a standardized Beta of 0.612, indicating that creative problem-solving substantially enhances performance. Innovation also significantly improved performance with an unstandardized coefficient of 3.218 (p = 0.020) and a Beta of 0.542, highlighting the importance of encouraging innovative practices. Proactiveness positively influenced performance as well, with an unstandardized coefficient of 2.492 (p = 0.039) and a Beta of 0.498, demonstrating the value of proactive employees. These findings emphasize the need for LGAs to foster a work culture that supports creativity, innovation, and proactiveness to boost employee performance. The study suggests that management should implement strategies such as training programs, recognition of innovative efforts, and opportunities for proactive engagement to enhance overall performance and achieve educational objectives more effectively.
Examining the Role of Physical Environment on Labour Mobility in Dodoma High Court in Tanzania
This study examined the role of the physical environment in influencing labor mobility at Dodoma High Court, Tanzania, employing a cross-sectional research design. A total of 142 employees were surveyed using structured questionnaires, while 10 management personnel participated in semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics revealed that accessibility to essential tools and equipment received the highest mean score (M = 3.84, SD = 1.195), indicating that employees perceived the workplace as well-equipped. Safety measures were rated positively (M = 2.99, SD = 1.148), suggesting a secure environment. Office layout and space for collaborative work received moderate scores (M = 2.68, SD = 1.151; M = 2.68, SD = 1.133). Content analysis of management interviews confirmed these findings, highlighting the importance of investing in physical workspace improvements to enhance job satisfaction and reduce labor mobility. The study concludes that a well-maintained physical environment positively impacts employee retention, suggesting that organizations like the Dodoma High Court should prioritize safety, access to resources, and collaborative workspace design to mitigate labor mobility. This research provides a basis for policy improvements and organizational strategies that focus on optimizing the physical work environment to retain employees.
Effect of Electronic Tendering on the Public Procurement Function Efficiency: A Case of Morogoro Municipal Tanzania
Generally, the study assessed the effect of E-tendering on procurement function efficiency in public sector organizations. The study was conducted in Morogoro municipality where a total of five public organizations were selected for the study. The population consisted of 147 PMU, finance and ICT personnel from the selected organizations of which 108 were sampled. Data was collected though a questionnaire since the study adopted a quantitative approach. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis as well as multiple regressions analysis to establish a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables. According to the findings of the study, it was revealed that e-tendering has significant effect on the procurement function efficiency Therefore; the study recommends that other studies to focus on other electronic tools in procurement and go beyond the effect of e-tendering on procurement efficiency. Also policies can be made in both public and private sector to enhance the use of e-tendering for better procurement function efficiency.
Difference Analysis of Political Marketing Mix in Terms of Age
The political marketing mix creates significant effects on the preferences of voters, who are considered as consumers in the literature. The aim of this study is to reveal the differentiation created by the political marketing mix in terms of age variable. In this study, a survey containing 34 statements from the political marketing scale was applied to 464 voters before the 2023 general elections. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA method and difference analysis. As a result of the study, significant differences were reached when the participants were examined in terms of age variable. It was determined that the voters differed in the entire scale of political marketing mix and in the dimensions of political distribution, political promotion, people and physical evidences according to their age status.
Integrating Digital Solutions for Crew Resource Management in Aviation: A Fuzzy BWM-COCOSO Approach
This study presents a novel hybrid framework integrating Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (Fuzzy BWM) and Combined Compromise Solution (COCOSO) for prioritizing digital Crew Resource Management (CRM) solutions in aviation management. Evaluating alternatives across six criteria—operational efficiency, cost, safety, user experience, scalability, and environmental impact—the framework combines expert judgments with entropy-based validation for balanced decision-making. Based on data from ten industry experts, operational efficiency and safety emerged as the most critical criteria, with Digital Solution A ranking highest due to its strong performance in scalability and predictive analytics. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the model’s robustness, ensuring consistent rankings under varying conditions. This study advances multi-criteria decision-making methodologies in aviation, offering a reliable tool for integrating CRM systems that align with operational and sustainability goals while addressing gaps in existing frameworks.
Assessment of the Regulatory Framework for Green Procurement Adoption: A Case of Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) Dodoma, Tanzania
Generally, the study assesses the regulatory framework for green procurement adoption in Tanzania. The study had three Independent variables which are public procurement laws support, understanding public procurement regulations, enforcement mechanisms and one dependent variable green procurement adoption. The study was conducted at PPRA Dodoma. The study employed a causal research design with a quantitative research approach. Data was collected through a closed ended questionnaire and analyzed through multiple regressions analysis. Findings of the study revealed that, the Public Procurement Laws Support variable has an unstandardized coefficient (β) of 0.302 and a standardized coefficient (Beta) of 0.316 with a significant t-value of 5.250 (p = 0.000), highlighting its positive and significant influence on green procurement adoption. The GP Knowledge variable also shows a significant positive effect, with an unstandardized coefficient (β) of 0.213 and a standardized Beta of 0.202. The t-value of 3.579 (p = 0.001) indicates a statistically significant relationship. The GP Enforcement Mechanism variable has the strongest positive effect on green procurement adoption, with an unstandardized coefficient (β) of 0.503 and a standardized Beta of 0.498. The t-value of 7.688 (p = 0.000) further emphasizes its high level of significance. The study recommends that to enhance green procurement adoption, policymakers should strengthen public procurement laws to include sustainability principles, while organizations prioritize knowledge-building initiatives and establish enforcement mechanisms. This combined approach fosters a supportive legal environment, empowers procurement professionals with the necessary skills, and ensures adherence to green standards, contributing to broader environmental goals.
Lessons for the 21st Century’s Trade Wars: A Brief History of the Mercantilist Policies
The Paper starts with an Introduction section, which proceeds with a section dedicated to Literature Review. The following section looks at the selected trade wars in a historical context. The rise of mercantilism, the role of colonies, imperialism, freer trade, protectionism, the impact of tariffs and other mercantilist, and its offshoot, neomercantilist, policies on relations between nations were briefly summarized with reference to selected examples. These examples included the Navigation Acts, the Boston Tea Party, the Opium Wars, the Cobden-Chevalier Commerce Treaty, the Méline Tariff, the American System, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, and the banana wars. Examples were selected based on their historical significance and role in shaping international trade. Its focus is mainly on the mercantilist trade policies carried out by two hegemonic powers, ie Britain and the United States, which used these policies dexteriously when they were rising to their hegemonic positions during the period under investigation. The Paper ends with the Conclusion section, which draws attention to the possible lessons from these historical examples to the 21st century’s statesmen and policymakers for their intended trade wars.
The Nature and Urgency of the Omnibus Method Regulation in Law Number 13 Of 2022
The omnibus concept is intended to offer a solution to problems caused by too many regulations (over regulation) and frequent overlapping between regulations (overlapping). Both of these problems are not easy to solve in the usual way, because it will take a long time and a lot of money. In order to overcome these problems, the omnibus method is considered one of the responsive and progressive methods in solving the problems of over regulation and overlapping in Indonesia. The implementation of this research applies normative legal methods. There are several factors that cause too many regulations to be born in our country. First, many people think that every legal problem can be resolved by forming a regulation. Second, every examiner in carrying out their duties and functions always questions the existence or absence of regulations that serve as a legal umbrella or as a basis. Third, in determining the budget, the Ministry of Finance also often passes or does not pass the budget of ministries/institutions based on the existence or absence of regulations as a legal umbrella. The nature and urgency of the omnibus method regulation in Law 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation (PPP Law), when viewed with Aristotle's approach that the essence of law exists because of causality, the omnibus method regulation in the PPP Law is more inclined to be caused by the existence of a goal (causa finalis).
Asymmetrical Construction of Regional Head Elections in Indonesia
As stated by Sri Soemantri, the existence of the delegation of authority from the Central Government to autonomous regions is not because it is stipulated in the constitution, but because the issue is the essence of a unitary state, namely. "In order to maintain the unity and integrity of the state, this is one of the reasons for the central government to always dominate the implementation of government affairs by setting aside the role and rights of regional governments to be directly and independently involved in managing and fighting for the interests of their regions.” This research is a qualitative research through a normative legal approach. The construction of Article 18 paragraph (4) in 1945 Constitution of Republic Indonesia which contains the phrase "democratically elected" in this case provides space for each region to implement regional elections that are in accordance with regional conditions and needs.
Reconstruction of Council Arrangements in Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health by the Principle of Independence
The right to health is a Human Right (HAM) as stated in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This right shows the importance of a good health system, which can only be realized if regulations are implemented properly. Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (Health Law) affirms the right of every individual to receive health protection, as well as the state's obligation to guarantee the right to a healthy life for its citizens. The Health Law regulates the principles of ethics and professionalism, which are the basis for health services by medical personnel. Reconstruction of the council's independence arrangements based on the principle of Independence includes arrangements regarding the independence of the Council's Organizational Structure; determining the requirements for Council Members who are Free from External Intervention, consisting of elements of civil society, academics, professionals, and health law experts; regulation of Permanent Term of Office; separation of Supervisory Functions by professional organizations, and Guidance by the Council, and Competency Development by Educational Institutions; strengthening of Sanctions and Discipline Enforcement; accountability and Transparency of Council Performance; limitation of the Role of Government and the authority to determine the Code of Ethics and Professional Discipline
The Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Job Performance in Tanzania's Public Sector
The study investigated the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on job performance in the Ministry of Home Affairs. The study adopted a theoretical framework based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to understand the relationship between employee motivation and job performance. A simple random sampling technique was used, and a cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from a diverse sample of Ministry of Home Affairs employees. A total of 93 employees from the Ministry participated in the study. Data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Linear regression analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics 27. The study findings revealed that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation positively affect employee job performance at the Ministry of Home Affairs. The study findings indicated that Intrinsic motivation (P=0.000, B=0.587) significantly impacts employee job performance, and Extrinsic motivation (P=0.036, B=0.176) also positively impacts employee job performance. The overall model was statistically significance (F (2,90) =28.492, P<0.001). This study recommends that the public sector in Tanzania implement comprehensive employee motivational strategies with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors to enhance employee job performance.
Global Value Chains and Export Growth in Türkiye
With its emphasis on expanding its role in the global value chain and growing exports, Türkiye has taken important steps towards economic growth. Along the way, Türkiye has recognized that the products it exports need to create more economic value and has faced a number of challenges in this regard. This study examines Türkiye's adaptation to the global value chain and how this adaptation has contributed to the Turkish export growth. Applying the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Modelling technique and time series data from 1990 to 2018, the study finds that the participation in the global value chain has a positive impact on Türkiye’s export growth in the long run, but in the short run, it can increase its external dependence and create trade imbalances. Moreover, the results show that growth in exports leads to economic growth, and there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the two. Apart from this, innovation, R&D and technology investments through foreign direct investment are seen to strengthen the alignment with the global value chain and support export growth. Based on thses findings, the study concludes that the Turkey's adaptation to the global value chain and its export targets with high economic value can make economic growth sustainable.
Re-examining The Relationship Between Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Sustainability Perspective within The Framework of The Abernathy and Clark Model
The concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship are encountered in the literature as two concepts that feed each other while increasing their popularity, but there is no accepted study on which one is the initiator of the cycle. In our study, where the theoretical development processes of the concepts are discussed in detail, it is aimed to make the cycle more efficient and sustainable by finding the initiator. Innovation is the process of creating new ideas, products, processes or services and their systematic implementation. This process encompasses not only technical or technological developments, but also changes in organisational structures, business models and value models. In essence, innovation is a quest to create value that will contribute to the environment, society and governance. Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, is the process of recognising and valorising opportunities for environmental, social and managerial contribution. Could the answer to whether we innovate because we are entrepreneurs or become entrepreneurs because we learn to innovate and recognise opportunities from an innovative perspective be hidden in the environment. In the Abernathy and Clark model, revolutionary and structural environment focuses on learning, while regular and niche innovation emphasises the innate characteristics of the individual, but without an appropriate learning and practice environment, innate innovative tendencies can be suppressed and negatively affect entrepreneurial activities. In our study, in order to examine the relationality in detail, in addition to a systematic literature review, analyses were conducted on 5-year data of 43 countries. It is emphasised that innovation is a phenomenon that can be taught to human capital and initiates entrepreneurship.
Reclamation and Post-Mining as an Obligation of Mining Business Actors to Protect the Community
Coal is a natural resource contained in the earth, and is controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of all Indonesian people. State control over coal is stated in Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia. Coal is a mining excavation that has great potential in contributing to state foreign exchange, and has an important meaning in improving the welfare of the community. Coal is a non-renewable natural resource, so its management must be based on the principle of caution, transparency and consideration of economic interests and the preservation of environmental functions in accordance with its designation. To realize this principle, mining management must be equipped with a mining business permit, which is attached to the obligation for mining business actors to carry out reclamation and post-mining as an effort to maintain environmental functions in accordance with its designation, and at the same time protect the community from the dangers of former mining excavations.
The Effects of Inward Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product and Innovation-Driven Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual and Empirical Approach
One of the most significant economic developments of the 20th century is the acceleration of free capital flows due to market globalization. International capital flows can be broken down into three distinct segments: foreign direct investments, cross-border portfolio investments, and loans. Foreign direct investment refers to investments made by real or legal persons from one country into another. Inward FDI provides benefits such as increasing production capacity, creating jobs, transferring intellectual capital, and spreading global business knowledge by facilitating capital inflows to the host country. Inward FDI flows indicate how much investment an economy attracts over a specific period. In the literature, while the periodic positive effect of the flow on gross domestic product is determined, its relationship with entrepreneurship and innovation varies. The fact that inward FDI flows are statistically significant with GDP is beneficial in the short run, but in the long run, the endogenous resources in sustainable development show their meaning with their impact on entrepreneurship and innovation; the contribution of foreign investors to innovation by transferring their intellectual capital to the locality as planned by the investor is discussed. To conceptualize this network of relationships, our study examines the connections among inward FDI flows, GDP, entrepreneurship, and innovation using structural equation modeling based on five years of data from 43 countries. Inward FDI flow data is obtained from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, GDP data is sourced from the World Bank, entrepreneurship data comes from the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute, and innovation data is acquired from the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Examining the Effect of Erp System on Financıal Management System at a Public Sector: Case in State Supply Office (DMO) between 2012-2022
Enterprise resource planning enables businesses to operate more effectively and efficiently in areas such as purchasing, production, inventory management and financial management by integrating all business processes. The most important indicator of success in both public and private sectors is the performance of businesses, and financial management has a significant impact on this performance. The success of financial management is generally measured by financial performance. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of the ERP system on the financial management of the State Supply Office. In the research, the effect of the ERP system on financial performance was evaluated within the scope of the multiple linear regression analysis method. The research findings show that especially equity and long-term debts are important factors affecting financial performance. In this context, it was concluded that DMO can increase its financial performance if it optimizes equity management and debt structure.
Unmasking Greenwashing: The Impact on Financial Performance and the Mediating Role of Green Reputation
Greenwashing, defined as the misleading and unsubstantiated claims made by companies to appear environmentally responsible, can have multiple effects on companies. This study examines the influence of greenwashing perceptions on financial performance, with a particular focus on the mediating role of green reputation. Data were collected through a survey of 218 employees of companies listed on the Borsa Istanbul Sustainability Index. The results show that companies that engage in less greenwashing not only experience better financial performance, but also that green reputation plays a crucial mediating role in this dynamic. Companies with stronger green reputations mitigate the negative effects of greenwashing, thereby strengthening their financial performance. The study underlines that greenwashing can undermine perceptions of corporate sustainability, weaken trust and damage financial outcomes. By prioritizing authentic sustainability efforts, companies can improve their long-term financial performance and protect their green reputation, which is essential for sustainable success.
Urgency of Banning Botor Buyang in Kwangkai Traditional Ceremony of Dayak Tunjung Bernuaq Customary Community Kutai Kartaegara East Kalimantan
One of the indigenous communities that still maintains its traditions and cultural values is the Dayak Tunjung Benuaq tribe, located in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. One of the customary values that still applies and is maintained in this indigenous community is a ceremony known as the Kwangkai Traditional Ceremony, which is held routinely every year. The Kwangkai traditional ceremony is a traditional ceremony, one of which is to preserve the customary values and culture of the Dayak Tunjung Benuaq tribe. The Kwangkai traditional ceremony is actually a sacred ritual that aims to maintain the cultural values of the Dayak Tunjung Benuaq indigenous community. Botor Buyang is a game activity carried out during the Kwangkai traditional ceremony in the indigenous tribe as a sacred ritual to honor the ancestral spirits of the Tunjung Benuaq indigenous people, Kutaikartanegara, East Kalimantan. Initially, Botor buyang was considered an inseparable part of the Kwangkai traditional ceremony. However, because Botor Buyang contains elements of gambling, namely there is an element of luck, Botor Buyang is considered gambling. Therefore, Botor Buyang must be prohibited because it harms the sacred values of the indigenous people and is not in accordance with the values of community life. To carry out this prohibition, a Regional Regulation must be formed on traditional activities, including the Kwangkai traditional ceremony by including a prohibition on gambling in any form, so that the police and other law enforcers have a legal basis in prohibiting and prosecuting perpetrators of gambling in the traditional ceremony.
Customer Relationship Management Practices: Organizational Performance in SMEs of the Food Manufacturing Industry
The purpose of this research is to analyze and explain the impact of CRM practices on organizational performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in the Food Manufacturing Industry. This conceptual review focuses on the literature evidence showing positive or negative correlations between organizational performance and context factors chosen in the CRM strategy and implementation model. The proposed model integrates elements that have already been integrated into the literature review on CRM model and implementation as there was also a need to choose elements carefully to adapt and recreate CRM strategy and implementation model for this research paper. Organizational performance of the CRM strategy and implementation model was used to support and argue with the literature review on key elements, such as Business Development, Customer Retention, Customer Acquisition Strategies, and Concerning also with techniques, systems, and technologies building loyalty and ways of attracting new consumers despite of those already there. This paper offers the SMEs of the food manufacturing industry clear guidelines for how the CRM strategy and implementation model by using the Evolution of CRM readiness, CRM project management strategy, Strategy development process, Value creation process, Multi-channel integration process, Performance assessment process, CRM change management strategy, Data repository (warehouse), Employee Engagement process can impact and be used to facilitate and improve organizational performance and result in positive outcomes that will help SME of food manufacturing industry achieve a competitive advantage.
The Influence of Supply Chain Practices on Health Service Delivery under the National Health Insurance Fund Scheme: A Case of Selected Hospitals in Tanzania
The study aimed to examine the influence of supply chain practices (process integration, agile practices, and strategic partnerships) on health service delivery under the NHIF scheme in selected hospitals in Tanzania. The research utilized a cross-sectional design, enabling data collection from 189 employees in a single snapshot at a specific moment. These participants were drawn from five selected hospitals under the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) scheme within Dodoma city. Data were collected using structured questionnaires scaled to a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) and then analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Findings show that the independent variables collectively account for 41.1% of the variance in the dependent variable. The best predictor of the dependent variable is strategic partnership practices which have a standardized coefficient of 0.484; p =0.001 followed by agile supply chain practice with a beta coefficient of 0.342; p 0.011, and lastly process integration practices with a beta coefficient of 0.297; p=0.019 whereby the variables in totality calls for the need to continue prioritizing the effective supply chain practices, given their substantial positive impact on health service delivery. The study provides novelty by linking key variables of supply chain practices with health service delivery under the NHIF scheme in the Tanzanian context as an area overlooked by other studies.
Role of Supply Chain Agility on Service Delivery in Humanitarian-Related Transport Operations: A Queuing Model Approach
The objective of this study was to examine the role of supply chain agility on service delivery in humanitarian-based transport operations using the queuing model approach. The study was conducted at Tanzania Port Authority (TPA) as a busiest port serving about 90% of the international sea trade. The study utilized secondary data that were obtained from official database of TPA, World Bank and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The study adopted simulation-based data under the M/M/1 queuing model and used the Poisson distribution to determine the customer's arrival rate while the exponential distribution was used to determine the service waiting time. RStudio programming software was used to analyze data and give output results. The results indicate that the mean arrival rate is 0.75; traffic intensity is 0.75; the probability of customers in the queuing system is 0.25; and the average amount spent in line is 0.75. The Poisson distribution indicated that the probability of service delivery reached the highest at 3 customers per minute while the Interval Exponential Distribution indicated that when inter-arrival time went longer, the probability also went lower. The study concluded that supply chain agility increases service delivery in performing humanitarian operations. The study has presented a new and original approach in linking these ideas in supply chain perspective in Tanzania. The results from this study imply that agility in supply chain enhances responsiveness in service delivery of humanitarian-related products.
Reputation as Competitive Capital: Evaluating Corporate Reputation in the Financial Sector
Corporate reputation plays a critical role in the financial sector, influencing stakeholder trust, organizational legitimacy, and long-term competitiveness. This study aims to evaluate reputation performance within the financial sector through a comprehensive, stakeholder-centered lens. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative insights drawn from the RepTrak model—measuring seven core reputation dimensions—with qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews and pulse surveys. Findings indicate that the sector demonstrates strong performance in areas such as product and service quality, operational success, and corporate citizenship. However, innovation and workplace environment emerged as weaker dimensions, pointing to critical development opportunities. Pulse data reinforces the importance of trust, leadership visibility, and customer-centricity in shaping positive stakeholder perceptions. Stakeholders express expectations not only for high-quality services but also for ethical leadership, transparency, and responsiveness—particularly through digital channels. Qualitative insights further highlight the role of emotional engagement, societal value creation, and internal-external alignment in building resilient reputational capital. Strengthening employer branding, expanding corporate social responsibility initiatives, and fostering accessible leadership communication are identified as strategic priorities. Moreover, real-time responsiveness to customer needs via digital innovation is seen as essential for reinforcing reputational strength. This research contributes to reputation literature by offering an integrated and practice-oriented assessment model, while also providing actionable insights for financial institutions seeking to enhance stakeholder alignment and adapt to evolving sectoral expectations. The study concludes that reputation management in the financial sector must be dynamic, transparent, and multidimensional to ensure sustainable competitive advantage.
Entrepreneurial Rural Fish Trade Growth in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Investigation of how entrepreneurial practices affect the growth of fish traders’ enterprises in Lake Victoria, Tanzania was undertaken while adopting a cross-sectional research design. 297 fish traders were reached through a questionnaire. Selection of the sample was proportionately undertaken from the strata of from Magu and Misungwi districts. Adoption of content analysis for the analysis of qualitative data while quantitative data were descriptively analyzed and also logit model was applicable in estimating how entrepreneurial practices contribute to growth of fish traders’ enterprises. The results indicate that market orientation was negative and significant statistically (p = 0.062) and risk-taking was positive and significant statistically (p = 0.002) in contributing to growth of fish traders’ enterprises. Training programmes focusing on inculcating issues concerning risk-taking and market orientation so as to foster sustainable entrepreneurial growth among fish traders’ enterprises.
Measuring Brand Equity in the Airline Industry of Türkiye
The aim of this study is to measure brand equity in Türkiye’s airline industry by using Aaker’s (1991) brand equity model, with the addition of Keller’s (1993) brand image concept. The five key factors of brand equity which are brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness, brand associations, and brand image are investigated from the perspective of airline passengers in Türkiye. A quantitative and cross-sectional research was used, and data were collected via a structured survey. Also, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to test model’s validity, followed by Pearson’s Correlation Analysis to examine hypothesized relationships. Additionally, the results confirmed that there is significant relationship among all factors, although moderating effect of income level was not supported.
The Effects of Auditing Duration and Enforcement Mechanisms for Procurement Performance in Tanzania
This study aimed to examine the effects of auditing duration and the enforcement mechanisms on procurement performance in Tanzania. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample size of 132 respondents drawn from four (4) Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Data were collected through questionnaires, supplemented by a documentary review and interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis and quantitatively using descriptive and multiple regression analysis. Findings show that the time allowed to audited entities to respond to audit queries was not enough, the enforcement mechanism is inefficient in reporting procurement misconduct, and infrequent monitoring through auditing by the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) to public entities. This study is limited in terms of scope as it covered four (4) LGAs, thus, facing the challenge of findings be used to generalize to all 184 LGAs in Tanzania. Auditors should be given enough time to audit the assigned Procuring entities, while auditees should be given enough time to respond to queries raised by auditors. On the other hand, enforcement organs should make sure that all audit recommendations are implemented as they were recommended by auditors timely.
Disparity in Sentencing Against Advocates in Indonesia: Minimizing It Through Sentencing Guidelines
Philosophically, theoretically, historically, legally, and sociologically, the presence of advocates is greatly needed as a balance in the justice system, but some of them commit corruption. The problem is, their punishment causes disparity, due to the existence of vague legal norms and the absence of legal norms. Therefore, the research focuses on, first, the ratio decidendi of punishment for advocates who commit corruption which causes disparity in punishment. Second, the renewal of the concept of punishment for advocates who commit corruption based on legal certainty. This legal research uses a statutory, conceptual, philosophical, and case approach by collecting and processing primary and secondary legal materials as well as non-legal materials that are analyzed prescriptively. The results are, first, the ratio decidendi related to punishment for advocates who commit corruption results in different prison sentences even though there are similarities related to proven crimes, thus proving the occurrence of disparity in punishment which is quite disruptive to the realization of the principle of legal certainty. Theoretically, the discourse on disparity in sentencing in criminal law is not intended to eliminate differences in the magnitude of punishments for perpetrators of crimes, but to reduce the range of differences in sentencing. Second, guidelines for sentencing in corruption cases committed by advocates, for example, bribery or obstruction of investigation, are considered necessary and realistic. Theoretically, guidelines for sentencing advocates who commit corruption do not set aside the independence, independence, or freedom of judges, but are an instrument of control over the performance of judges so that their decisions do not cause disparities in sentencing that are quite disturbing and set aside the realization of legal certainty.
The Effects of Auditors’ Credibility and the Implementation of Audit Recommendations in Enhancing Procurement Performance in Tanzania
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of auditors’ credibility and the implementation of audit recommendations in enhancing procurement performance in Tanzania. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample size of 132 respondents drawn from four Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Data were collected through questionnaires, documentary review, and interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis, descriptive analysis, and multiple regression analysis. On one hand, study findings revealed that LGAs do not provide sufficient training to internal auditors on procurement-related matters, internal auditors are not fully independent in discharging their duties, and there is a knowledge gap among auditors in terms of their professionalism and understanding of procurement laws and regulations. On the other hand, the study revealed inefficient implementation of procurement audit recommendations, staff implicated for procurement malpractices are not punished accordingly, and audited organizations do not train their staff to bridge the knowledge gap identified by auditors. Moreover, there is infrequent monitoring of LGAs through auditing. This study is limited in terms of scope as it covered four LGAs out of 184 in Tanzania. Hence, these findings can’t be used to generalize to all LGAs. Auditors should be updated on procurement matters and be independent both financially and in their reporting structure. Also, audited entities should be committed to implementing all issued audit recommendations. This paper is an excerpt of the Master's dissertation and adds value to the public on the continued unsatisfactory procurement performance of audited Procuring Entities despite frequent auditing and recommendations issued
Regulation of Political Party Financial Assistance Examination by Different Auditors
The concept of democracy was first practiced in Ancient Greece, especially in the city state of Athens in the 5th century B.C. At that time, in Greece small cities were formed called city states and each of these city states had what Jean Bodin called superanus, which then the concept of superanis became the concept soverign and was reduced back to soverenity, and which in Indonesian means sovereignty. This research is a normative legal research. To maintain transparency in the use of these finances, the use of financial assistance must be accounted for, and for finances sourced from government assistance through the State Budget (APBN) must be audited by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK), because government financial assistance is related to finances from the state through the APBN
How Startups were Affected by the Covid-19 Outbreak? Mediating Role of the Perception of Environmental Uncertainties of Impact Analysis on Intellectual Capital and Core Competencies
The point where intellectual capital turns into value and gains meaning and quality in the real world is expressed as core competencies, because the concept of core competencies is described as the area where the organization emphasizes its unique features or products in order to provide sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, it is stated that intellectual capital affects core competencies and this approach is necessary for the motive of survival and competitive advantage of startups. In the relation between the two concepts, the mediating effect of environmental conditions and the perception of environmental uncertainty is quite determinant, especially under the pandemic (Covid-19) conditions. Modeling the relationship except perception of environmental uncertainty regarding to the situation may prevent accurate generalizations. Based on the literature and similar empirical researches in this field, this study discusses the impact analysis between intellectual capital and core competencies within the mediating role of the perception of environmental uncertainty. Impact analysis and mediation role were analyzed using the structural equation model and an online questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The Covid-19 global pandemic which took place while the study was in progress, did not allow to face-to-face questionnaire method during the data collection process of the study as a result of the pandemic affecting the whole world and people being quarantined at home. The sample of the research is entrepreneurs working in startups. Online surveys were sent to 2.762 entrepreneurs from 6.614 startups, which constitute the universe of the research, and data from 245 participants were included in the analysis of the research. In the data analysis of this research SPSS and LISREL software programs were preferred, and hypotheses created referring to hypothetical and empirical studies were tested with the structural equation model technique. As a result of the study, it was determined that the perception of environmental uncertainty has a mediating role in the impact analysis on intellectual capital and core competencies of startups.
The Impact of Internet Finance on the Performance of Commercial Banks
This study examines the impact of Internet finance on the performance of Chinese commercial banks from 2013 to 2023, focusing on third-party payment volumes (lnTPP) and peer-to-peer (P2P) lending volumes (lnP2P). Using panel data regression analysis, the primary performance metric is Return on Assets (ROA), with control variables including bank size (lnTA), non-performing loan ratio (NPLR), and GDP growth (lnGDP). The analysis reveals that third-party payments have a statistically insignificant negative effect on ROA (coefficient = -0.26, p = 0.278), indicating that despite the widespread use of platforms like Alipay and WeChat Pay, these services do not substantially increase bank profitability. In contrast, P2P lending significantly negatively impacts profitability (coefficient = -0.135, p = 0.022), suggesting that as P2P lending increases, traditional banks experience a decline in profitability due to intensified competition. Economic growth (lnGDP) negatively correlates with ROA (-0.222, p = 0.000), indicating that the rise of fintech platforms, driven by economic expansion, has exacerbated competition in the banking sector. The findings underscore the disruptive nature of P2P lending while suggesting that third-party payments have limited profitability effects for banks. This study provides practical insights for commercial banks to adapt their strategies to the growing digital finance landscape. It offers guidance for policymakers in creating balanced regulatory frameworks for fintech integration.
Technological Learning: Lessons from South Korea and China
In the contemporary global economy, firms face competitive settings and must adapt to dynamic changes, particularly those operating in industrial sectors. The disparities in economic development among countries can be attributed to variations in technological advancement levels (Ghazinoory et al., 2021). Firms in developing countries, known as latecomers, aim to learn technology by following firms in developed countries. This path continues until latecomer firms achieve innovation. Developing countries have started to produce innovation by using technological learning and have a strong voice in the global market with their products. Technological advancements in developing countries have played a significant role in fostering economic growth. This study aims to provide a perspective of technological learning within these context. We focus on the cases of South Korea and the People's Republic of China for deepen our understanding of how technological learning is strategically built in in developing countries. Both countries have applied reverse engineering as a means of acquiring and internalizing foreign technologies.