Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law
Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law (e-ISSN 2149-9748) is a refereed, bi-annual, periodical journal containing original papers in English. Published since 2015, all research articles in the Journal are being reviewed by at least two referees after an initial editorial screening. The views expressed in the papers are under the responsibility of authors. The editors do not necessarily agree with the views expressed in the papers. All the copyright privileges of the papers accepted for the publication belong to Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law.
Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). All manuscripts which are submitted to the Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law should not be published, accepted and submitted for publication elsewhere. In case an article is accepted for publication it is allowed to combine the articlewith other researches, to conduct a new research on the article or to make different arrangements on condition that the same license is used including the commercial purpose. It is the author's responsibility to obtain signed permission from the copyright holder to use and reproduce text, illustrations, tables, etc., published previously in other Journals, electronic or print media. The signed permission letter must be submitted together with the signed cover letter. Authors are required to disclose any sponsorship or funding received from any institution relating to their research. The authors retain the copyright of their work for all papers published in Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law. The authors' archiving rights are as follows: - Submitted Version: It can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository. - Accepted Version: After publication, it can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository. - Published Version: After publication, it can be archived on personal web pages and institutional repository.
Restorative Justice as a Paradigm for Humane Resolution of Criminal Case
Efforts to provide legal protection and humane justice for victims of crime and their families, as well as to restore the welfare of perpetrators of crime, are carried out using a restorative justice approach. Currently, this approach is considered quite beneficial for perpetrators of crimes, victims of crimes, and/or their families. Resolving criminal cases using a restorative justice approach provides an opportunity for perpetrators to atone for their wrongdoings toward victims and/or their families through amicable resolution through deliberation and consensus. In this resolution, perpetrators may also be required to provide compensation or restitution to victims or their families. The use of restorative justice is an effort to resolve criminal cases amicably through deliberation to reach a consensus, which aims to restore the victim with the main focus of providing compensation to the victim due to the crime committed by the perpetrator. The use of a restorative justice approach requires active participation involving the parties involved in the settlement process, including the perpetrator, victim, family, and community. Regarding the method used in resolving criminal cases with a restorative justice approach, it can be done using the services of a mediator to encourage dialogue and mediation to reach a fair and satisfactory agreement for all parties
Accountability of Defaulting Contractors towards Value for Money in Public Procurement: The Role of Judicial Organs.
The purpose of this study was to examine the accountability of defaulting contractors towards value for money in public procurement with a particular focus on determining whether the parameters utilized by the judicial organs are like those utilized in public procurement as stipulated in Cap 410. The study was conducted at two legal institutions, namely the Public Procurement Appeals Authority and the High Court in Dodoma region. The study employed a descriptive design whereby data were presented in tables and charts. The population of the study involved 53 legal experts who specifically participated in landmark cases from 2020 to 2025. The study used questionnaires to collect data and analyze it by using descriptive statistics with aid of SPSS version 26 which facilitated establishment of mean, Standard Deviation and Percentages. The results indicate that all the three variables of interest, that is, (utilization of value for money parameters, compensation measures and accountability measures) are above the average mean value and utilization scoring the highest (38%) followed by accountable measures (36%) which amplifies that the judicial organs comply with the requirements of the Public Procurement Act No. 10 of 2023 which is anchored on realization of value for money. This study presents novelty by examining accountable measures imposed to defaulting contractors towards value for money in public procurement as an area overlooked by past studies. The study recommended that Public Entities should liaise with the judicial organs in revealing bad practices of contractors.
Patient Experience–behavioral Loyalty Relationship: The Mediating Role of the Service Marketing Mix
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between patient experience and behavioral loyalty, and to evaluate the mediating role of the service marketing mix (7P) in this relationship. Data were obtained through a survey conducted with 460 participants who received services from public and private hospitals across Türkiye. The study utilized the Experience Quality (EXQ), Service Marketing Mix, and Behavioral Loyalty scales. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bootstrap-based mediation analyses. Findings indicate that experience quality has a direct and significant effect on behavioral loyalty, and that this effect is also indirectly transmitted through the marketing mix. Mediation analysis results revealed that process management, physical evidence, and people dimensions play a significant mediating role in the experience–loyalty relationship, with the highest mediation rate observed in the process dimension. Furthermore, the mediating relationships of each sub-dimension of the marketing mix were analyzed first collectively and then separately. These analyses showed that the promotion (communication) dimension alone was insufficient to increase behavioral loyalty, whereas its distinctive contribution became apparent when other marketing components were included in the model. The results demonstrate that marketing mix elements based on patient experience and structured with a holistic approach have a decisive effect on behavioral loyalty.
The Meaning of Offence by Supernatural Powers in Law Number 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code
Etymologically, supernatural powers are synonymous with the term "supernatural power," as they are beyond human comprehension. Supernatural powers can manifest in various forms, such as magical abilities, which are exercised with the aid of unseen forces. Supernatural powers are commonly found in various spiritual traditions of traditional rural and remote communities that still believe in supernatural powers. Supernatural powers are usually associated with powers wielded by demons or jinn, which can be commanded through prayers and specific offerings. In Islamic religious concepts, supernatural powers are believed to originate from Allah SWT, such as miracles, blessings, and the like. In religions other than Islam, supernatural powers are interpreted as powers born from specific prayers offered to the Creator, or even in dynamism beliefs, supernatural powers rely on the power of certain objects, such as stones, large trees, and the like. In certain traditions, such as Javanese society, supernatural powers are often referred to as "santet." Black magic is defined as magic used to harm others. It is a occult practice believed to inflict illness or suffering on victims through supernatural powers. This research is a normative legal research. The reconstruction of the formulation of criminal offenses is carried out by making changes to the provisions of Article 252 of the National Criminal Procedure Code, by adding the provisions of paragraph (3) which are worded as follows: "If the act as referred to in paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) results in psychological or physical injury and/or death of a person, the perpetrator shall be subject to criminal sanctions for assault, serious assault and/or premeditated murder with the threat of a special conditional criminal sentence.
Influence of Procurement Contractual Risk Management on Performance of Building Construction Project at Tanzania Building Agency
This study aimed to assess the influence of procurement contractual risk management on the performance of building construction at the Tanzania Building Agency. The targeted population for this study was 267 respondents. The study adopted a descriptive research design, and a simple random technique was used to select 160 questionnaires for quantitative data, of which only 152 were returned as completed questionnaires. Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the procurement risk management plan, risk register, internal audit, contract terms and conditions, have a significant influence performance of building construction projects at TBA, with all P Values were below 0.05. A potential research limitation is the reliance on data from a single agency, the Tanzania Building Agency, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other contexts. The practical implication is that improving procurement contractual risk management practices can enhance the performance and efficiency of building construction projects at TBA and other Construction industries. It was recommended that TBA should enhance procurement contractual risk management by standardizing risk management plans, regularly updating risk registers, clearly defining contractual terms, and improving risk assessment capabilities for the contract management team to ensure timely, quality, and efficient building project completion. Study lies in its focus on the direct impact of procurement contractual risk management on building construction project performance within the Tanzania Building Agency, offering insights for improving public sector construction
The Role of Delivery Reliability on Port Supply Chain Performance at Zanzibar Port Corporation
Delivery reliability is one of the determinants that influence the port supply chain performance; however, a lot of developing ports are lagging behind in terms of operational scale due to the insufficiencies in managing business, which leads to the weakening of competitiveness. Zanzibar Port Corporation, which controls over 95% of the island’s trade, is no stranger to problems with meeting the requisite schedules of cargo delivery, such as delays, unpredictable lead times, negatively impact the entire port supply chain performance. Based on the SCOR model and the RBV theory, this study investigated the impact of delivery reliability on port supply chain performance. It This accounted for most of the important objects of delivery reliability as: delivery on-time, tracking efficiency and order accuracy. A descriptive study design was utilized to conduct the study; a structured questionnaire was distributed to 74 port stakeholders who were randomly selected. The data was analyzed using regression and descriptive statistics. It also revealed that, on-time delivery and tracking efficiency positively influences port supply chain performance. but and order accuracy have to be improved. The model possesses a high explanatory power (Ral2 = 0.973), that is the dimensions of delivery reliability can explain the most part of the variance of performance. This research indicates that ZPC has effective systems and procedures in place, targeted improvements to monitoring mechanisms, predictive scheduling, and consistency in OP processes could increase reliability and customer satisfaction. The implications of the findings are important for port managers and policy makers as they indicate that upgrading of internal processes and digital infrastructure within the context of the Zanzibar Economy could improve the performance of the supply chain and contribute to sustainable growth of regional trade.
Organisational Roles in Employee Innovation, Creativity and Public Sector Performance
The study investigated organizations’ roles on employees’ innovative work behaviour and creativity in public sector performance. Therefore, the study incorporated the following objectives; to examine employees’ working experience and creativity in public sector performance, to assess employees’ innovative mindset and creativity in public sector performance and to evaluate employees’ leadership support and creativity in public sector performance. The study adopted case study design as well as qualitative approach. Resppondents used here, were obtained from employees working at TBc Dar es Salaam region. These respondents were selected randomly based on the nature of the information that the respondent sought for. Data was thematically analysed, whereby similar ideas were treated as major themes based on the research objectives. The study findings revealed that employees working experience greatly influenced their innovative work behaviour and creativity leading to public sector performance. The study also revealed that employees innovative mindset and creativity highly influenced their innovative work behaviour and creativity through a series of introducing programs that aimed at attracting more viewers as well as corporate sponsors as marketing strategy. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommends that policy makers should strive to create an environment where employees feel safe to express unconventional ideas without fear of criticism. Regular brainstorming sessions, innovation challenges, and cross-departmental collaborations should be organized to stimulate creative thinking and foster a culture of innovation throughout the organization.
From Fiscal to Legal Fragmentation: Coherence Challenges in Global Trade Governance
Tax havens exemplify the structural vulnerabilities of the international commercial order. They reveal how the non-application of coherent regulatory mechanisms between tax, trade and regulatory regimes has led to the existing state of affairs of fiscal sovereignty and global interdependence as they currently exist. This article argues that the existence of tax havens is not a mere fiscal anomaly, but rather the symptom of a deeper crisis of law and institutions in the fragmentation of international trade governance. By linking fiscal fragmentation with the legal fragmentation of law, the paper shows how the same forces which have brought about offshore financial regimes regulatory competition, insecure enforcement, and asymmetrical institutional power now return in the governance of digital and sustainable trade. Through a doctrinal and comparative analysis of regimes of tax, trade and environmental law, the paper identifies a parallel between the collapse of coherence of global tax law and the growing divergence between the WTO and the EU. It is concluded that in viewing tax havens as an early warning of systemic incoherence, the potential to inform the design of a new Legal Alignment Model for the reconciliation of multilateral and regional norms of trade law. The paper thus offers a new view of coherence as a preventive principle in international economic law.
Understanding the Employee Exit Experience: A Multi-Theoretical and Multi-Stage Review
Employee turnover research has traditionally focused on antecedents and outcomes, overlooking the subjective, emotional, and relational dimensions of how employees experience organisational exit. This review reconceptualises the employee exit experience as a temporally extended, multi-stage process encompassing pre-exit cognitive and emotional disengagement, interactional and procedural dynamics during the transition, and post-exit identity reconstruction and narrative formation, integrating five theoretical perspectives, which are the Unfolding Model of Turnover, Psychological Contract Theory, Social Exchange Theory, Employee Voice Theory, and Affective Events Theory. The review proposes a multi-theoretical framework that captures the cognitive, affective, and reputational complexities of exit. The review highlights how pre-exit factors, such as job dissatisfaction, organisational commitment, and perceived support, shape disengagement; how interactional fairness and communication during offboarding influence the affective tone; and how post-exit storytelling and alums relationships impact organisational reputation and talent attraction. It concludes by identifying key research gaps, including the need for qualitative, longitudinal, and cross-cultural studies that examine exit dynamics and reputational spillovers in transparent labour markets. Overall, this review positions the employee exit experience as a strategic and relational phenomenon, reframing exit not as an endpoint but as an ongoing process with enduring implications for individual identity, organisational culture, and employer reputation.
The Transformation of Internal Resources into Performance in Early-Stage Ventures
This conceptual study explains how founder-based resources (entrepreneurial knowledge, skills, and networks) are transformed into firm performance in early-stage ventures operating under resource scarcity. Integrating the Resource-Based View (RBV), which addresses “what resources a venture possesses,” with Resource Orchestration, which explains “how these resources create value,” and with Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), which clarifies “under what conditions these processes are strengthened,” the study proposes a three-stage causal mechanism. Specifically: (i) founder-based resources enhance performance through the processes of resource discovery, combination, and deployment; (ii) this relationship represents full mediation, indicating that resources influence performance solely through orchestration processes; and (iii) EO dimensions (innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness) moderate and amplify this indirect effect. Rather than presenting empirical findings, the study offers a conceptual model arguing that value creation stems not from resource abundance but from the effective managerial orchestration of scarce assets. Theoretically, it extends RBV by embedding process-level reasoning; practically, it offers insights for designing accelerators, mentorship structures, and network-based support mechanisms aligned with the stages of resource orchestration.
The Relation between Brand Image, Brand Loyalty and Slow Fashion
In highly competitive markets, brands expose consumers to a wide range of stimuli to be one step ahead of their competitors. Companies aim to create a brand image by using various symbolic, distinctive cues to differentiate themselves from competitors. At the same time, growing environmental concerns have led to the emergence of slow fashion as an alternative to the fast fashion business model, emphasizing sustainability within the fashion industry. This study aims to examine the effect of brand image on brand loyalty and to investigate the role of slow fashion consumer orientation in this relationship. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from 405 consumers in Turkey. A structural model was tested using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that brand image has a significant and positive effect on both brand loyalty and slow fashion orientation. The results further indicate that the only conscious consumption dimension of slow fashion orientation has a significant and positive effect whereas the localism and exclusivity dimensions do not show significant effect on brand loyalty. Moreover, mediation analysis demonstrates that conscious consumption plays a mediating role in the relationship between brand image and brand loyalty, whereas no mediating effects are found for localism and exclusivity. This study contributes to the literature by empirically integrating brand image, slow fashion consumer orientation, and brand loyalty within a single structural model, thereby extending existing research beyond purchase intention to loyalty-based behavioral outcomes.
Legal Protection of Third Parties in Marriage Agreements after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 69/puu-xiii/2015: Analysis of Legal Certainty and Implementation of the Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda
Constitutional Court Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015 represents a significant milestone in the evolution of Indonesian marriage law. This decision arose from a judicial review petition filed by an Indonesian citizen who married a foreign national without a prenuptial agreement and faced obstacles in property ownership due to a formalistic interpretation of Articles 29 and 35 of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage (hereinafter referred to as the Marriage Law) and its relationship to the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) regarding the prohibition on foreigners acquiring land rights (Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, 2015). This research employs a normative juridical method (legal research) with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. Primary data sources include the 1945 Constitution, the Marriage Law, the Civil Code, Constitutional Court Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015, and related implementing regulations. The ratio decidendi of Constitutional Court Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015 rests on the reconstruction of the constitutional interpretation of Article 29 of the Marriage Law through a constitutional add-in interpretation approach, which expands the timeframe for making a prenuptial agreement to include before, during, and after the marriage. The Court emphasized that this expansion must be accompanied by the fulfillment of formal requirements (notarial deed and registration) and material requirements (good faith, not violating law/religion/morality), as well as the principle of publicity to protect third parties from harm.
Auction Limit Value Settings Fair Execution of Mortgage Rights
Investment development always requires sufficient funds to meet planned needs, but not all of these funding needs can be met by entrepreneurs themselves. To meet these funding needs, entrepreneurs must seek solutions by borrowing funds from other parties, either unsecured or secured loans. Collateralized loans are generally made with financial institutions, in this case banks, acting as creditors, and entrepreneurs, acting as borrowers, commonly referred to as debtors. In essence, the auction price limit for mortgage execution can be seen from its status and function. The lower and upper limits are absolute requirements that must be present when submitting an auction application. Legislation prohibits mortgage execution auctions without a limit.
Imagining Future Protection from the Pit: The Fate of Victims of Deepfake Porn in Indonesia- Cessante Ratione Legis, Cessat IPSA Lex
The research aims to analyze, identify, and elaborate on the concept of legal liability and legal protection for victims of deepfake pornography generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia. It also conducts a comparative analysis with the European Union's regulation through the AI Act. Employing a normative methodology with a systematic and comparative legal approach, the research highlights the significant impact of AI development on digital crimes, particularly deepfake pornography, which manipulates victims' images or voices to produce false content without consent. In Indonesia, legal liability for creators and distributors is only partially addressed through laws such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), the Pornography Law, the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law), and the Sexual Violence Law. However, legal protections for victims are generally broad and lack preventive measures, especially against AI-generated manipulative content. Conversely, the European Union's AI Act provides comprehensive regulation of AI systems, including prohibitions on manipulation, risk assessment, content transparency, and a clear definition of deepfake. Consequently, there is a need for a systematic update of national laws to incorporate both repressive and preventive measures, thereby enhancing legal protections for victims of AI-related crimes such as deepfake pornography.
Affectors on the Humanitarian Supply Chain's Adoption of ERP Systems
Humanitarian organizations faced the issues of supply chain disruption, poor information access, higher costs, late deliveries, delays and inventory management issues which had an impact on the quality services provided by the organizations. These arose because most of the humanitarian supply chain were not using electronic procurement system. The humanitarian SDGs Agenda of 2030, is to “deliver products and/or services to the needy, whose immediate or long term survival can depend on the efficiency execution to enhance cost management.” As the purpose of Humanitarian supply chain goal this study aligns with the SDGs goals. The study sought do determine the influence of Tanzania’s humanitarian supply chain in the deployment of ERP systems with the primary focus on three variables which were organization capacity, employees training as well as technological infrastructure. The study results exposed that organizational capacity and technological infrastructures had a significant and distinct role in the ERP systems adoption in humanitarian supply chain. Researchers recommended that humanitarian organizations should make significant investment in the Intergra system, provide top-tier assistance and improve the existing training programs for the purpose of enhancing supply chain performance.
Mapping the Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Banking: A Bibliometric Perspective
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are transforming the banking sector, creating radical changes in operational efficiency, customer experience, and risk management. For an institution that thoroughly analyzes its own and its customers' needs and desires, this requires continuous transformation and adaptation to market conditions. Furthermore, the use of AI is undeniable in this process, which has evolved since the beginning of the 21st century and requires the analysis of big data. Machine learning and natural language processing (NLP)-based chatbots offer speed and personalization in customer service, while fraud detection systems increase the security of financial transactions with their anomaly detection capabilities. Furthermore, automating repetitive tasks through robotic process automation provides significant reductions in operational costs. Data privacy and security concerns are further complicated by legal regulations such as GDPR. Consequently, while AI plays an indispensable role in the banking sector, ethical, regulatory, and technological infrastructure issues also need to be addressed. This study analyzes the existing scientific literature on the role of artificial intelligence in the banking sector using bibliometric methods and evaluates the studies in this field. The dataset for the study was taken from the Web of Science (WoS) database, and a bibliometric analysis was conducted using Vosviewer. The analysis identified studies covering the period 1992-2025, totaling 247 publications. It concluded that scientific productivity was low between 1992-2018, but has accelerated and increased since 2018, with a significant increase in studies in this field in recent years. Furthermore, the importance of the concepts of "fintech," "credit risk," and "machine learning" for researchers was emphasized.
Green Supply Chain Management Practices for Green Innovation
Green supply chains are crucial for environmental performance, encouraging companies to rapidly adopt Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices that formalize environmental priorities across sourcing, operations, logistics, and recovery. Although recent research on the relationship between GSCM and green innovation has grown, it remains somewhat fragmented. This paper offers a supply chain–focused conceptual synthesis of GSCM practices to promote green innovation. It reviews both foundational and recent studies, highlighting five key GSCM practices: green purchasing, supplier collaboration, eco-design, reverse logistics, and internal environmental management. It shows how these practices enable the development of green products, processes, and organizational innovations. The review indicates that green innovation is most strongly associated with GSCM when these practices operate as an integrated system. Specifically, upstream governance and collaboration generate environmental knowledge; eco-design turns environmental goals into innovative product structures; reverse logistics supports closed-loop learning and process improvements; and internal environmental management provides cross-functional alignment and governance to sustain innovation. This study advances the logistics and supply chain literature by conceptually integrating key GSCM practices into a unified system that fosters multidimensional green innovation throughout the supply chain.
Factors Influencing Passenger Transport Services in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Nono Benja District
Efficient and reliable passenger transport services are vital for accessing markets, healthcare, education, and other essential amenities worldwide, particularly in driving socio-economic development in Ethiopia's Oromia Region. This study examines the multifaceted factors affecting passenger transport services in Jimma Zone, with a specific focus on Nono Benja District. Data were collected through field surveys from 350 respondents and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including descriptive statistics and an econometric approach specifically, multiple linear regression. The regression results indicate that service quality is significantly influenced by tariffs, operational costs, transport operators' compliance with regulations, and enforcement mechanisms. Additionally, the findings highlight challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, traffic congestion, vehicle shortages, and frequent delays, which collectively restrict access to critical services like markets, healthcare, and education. To address these issues, the study recommends prioritizing upgrades to rural roads, expanding vehicle fleets, adopting digital scheduling systems, strengthening safety protocols, and streamlining regulatory frameworks. These measures aim to enhance reliability and accessibility, ultimately promoting sustainable passenger transport that supports economic growth, reduces inequalities, and improves social well-being in the area.
Generic Marketing Strategies and Tour Operators Supply Chain Performance
Tanzania’s tourism sector has significant potential, but stagnant visitor arrivals have constrained tour operators’ sales and profitability, while evidence on the combined effects of cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies on supply chain performance in emerging tourism markets remain limited. Guided by the Resource-Based View theory, the current study employed a convergent parallel mixed method design. Quantitative data were collected from 230 licenced tour operators using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistic and Structural equation modeling, while qualitative data from 28 interviews were thematically analysed. The findings show that all three strategies positively affect supply chain performance, with differentiation strategy having the strongest effect, followed by cost leadership and focus strategy. The study concludes that aligning generic marketing strategies with internal capabilities and market opportunities strengthens competitive positioning, enhance service value and improve coordination across the tourism supply chain. The study recommends that tourism stakeholders invest in digital capabilities, increase partnerships with local service providers, provide skills training and develop enabling regulatory frameworks to support sustainable competitiveness in the sector.
The Effect of Storytelling in Advertising on Purchase Intention: A Study on Artificial Intelligence Applications
Storytelling, one of the oldest forms of human communication, serves as a cognitive tool for meaning-making, value transmission, and decision-making. Because it integrates emotion and cognition, storytelling has been widely used to influence attitudes and behaviors. The study examines two AI-generated advertising films: one employing a rational advertising appeal that highlights functional product benefits, and the other an emotional advertising appeal that enables empathy and emotional connection with the spectators. The main characteristic of the study is evaluating participants’ progress in AI literacy, given the gen-AI nature of the advertising content. The research first presents the theoretical bases of storytelling and its relationship with advertising, then evaluates the effects of generative AI and story-based advertisements on consumers’ purchase intentions through analyzing AI-assisted storytelling in advertising using the AIDMSAS model. The results disclose that AI-powered storytelling can notably change consumers’ decision-making.
Online Gambling Networks and the Commodification of Personal Data: Addressing the Inevitability of Data Breaches
This research investigates the legal standing and protection of personal data subjects within the Indonesian digital landscape, specifically addressing the escalating risks of data commodification and its exploitation by the illegal online gambling industry. Adopting a normative legal research methodology with a statutory and conceptual approach, this study analyzes primary and secondary legal materials, including the Indonesian PDP Law and international frameworks such as the GDPR. By synthesizing Shoshana Zuboff’s theory of surveillance capitalism with Soerjono Soekanto’s legal effectiveness framework, this study exposes a profound structural asymmetry between data controllers and subjects. The analysis reveals that while the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2022 (PDP Law) provides a robust normative foundation, its practical efficacy is severely hampered by institutional unreadiness, forensic gaps, and a culture of "coerced consent." Benchmarked against OECD privacy principles and GDPR Recitals 40, 50, and 73, the findings indicate that Indonesia’s data protection regime remains primarily declarative rather than substantive. The research argues for a strategic shift in the national legal paradigm, moving beyond isolated administrative sanctions toward a synchronization of personal data protection and criminal law. Key recommendations include the urgent operationalization of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, the formalization of state vicarious liability for public-sector breaches, and the implementation of a reversal of the burden of proof in digital litigation to balance the scales for marginalized data subjects. Ultimately, this study asserts that protecting digital personhood is a prerequisite for dismantling the predatory criminal ecosystems that currently thrive on the unauthorized commodification of personal information.
The Impact of Job Security on Employee Commitment and the Moderator Role of Courage
In an increasingly uncertain and volatile business environment, employees’ perceptions of job security have become a critical factor influencing organizational outcomes. This study examines the impact of employees’ job security perceptions on their organizational commitment and investigates the moderating role of courage in this relationship. Job security is widely recognized as a fundamental component of sustainable organizational performance within contemporary management approaches. The study employs a relational survey model and was conducted with 300 employees working in five-star hotel enterprises operating in Antalya’s tourism sector. Data collected through field research were analyzed using correlation, regression, and moderation analyses to examine the relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that employees’ perceptions of job security have a statistically significant and strong positive effect on organizational commitment. Moreover, courage was found to play a significant moderating role in this relationship. Specifically, employees with higher levels of courage are more capable of translating their perceptions of job security into stronger organizational commitment. In terms of demographic variables, the results indicate that male employees demonstrate higher levels of organizational commitment than female employees, while blue-collar employees report higher job security perceptions than white-collar employees. Overall, the findings suggest that providing legal and financial job security alone is insufficient for modern organizations. Developing an organizational culture that encourages proactive and courageous employee behaviors is equally essential for strengthening organizational commitment.
Effects of Buyer-Supplier Communication on the Performance of Procurement Functions in Tanzania:
Given that good communication between suppliers and buyers is crucial to procurement operations, it is frequently ignored or underestimated, which makes it more difficult to accomplish procurement objectives. This study aimed to examine the impact of buyer-supplier communication on procurement performance in the Arusha region of Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited. Social exchange and network theories served as the foundation for the study. In this study, a cross-sectional design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to choose a sample size of 57. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data, while document reviews were used to collect secondary data. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis (using Bartlett's Test of Sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy), regression analysis, and correlation analysis (Pearson Correlations) were all used in the data analysis, which was carried out using SPSS V.22. The findings demonstrated that, at a significance level of 0.000 (P<0.05), buyer-supplier communication significantly and favorably affects value for money. The study came to the conclusion that communication between buyers and suppliers has a big impact on public procurement performance. It was suggested that in order to improve procurement performance in the public sector, TANESCO, legislators, and other stakeholders instruct clients and contract managers on the value of clear communication.
A Cross-Sectoral “Ethical Leadership Scale”: Development and Validation
Existing ethical leadership scales are often limited by sector-specific designs and lengthy multidimensional structures, restricting their applicability in diverse organizational contexts. Addressing this limitation, the present study develops and validates a concise, cross-sectoral Ethical Leadership Scale. Data were collected from three independent samples representing education (n₁ = 385), healthcare (n₂ = 447), and industry (n₃ = 503). Following a rigorous scale development procedure, an initial 14-item instrument was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, along with criterion-related validity testing. The results support a robust two-dimensional structure consisting of ten items: value-based ethical leadership and behavioral ethical leadership. The scale demonstrates strong psychometric properties, including high validity and reliability across heterogeneous samples. By introducing a short, theoretically grounded, and empirically validated instrument, this study contributes to the ethical leadership literature by overcoming limitations related to sector specificity and measurement complexity. The cross-sectoral validation enhances the generalizability and practical utility of the scale, particularly in large-scale and time-constrained research settings.The proposed scale provides researchers and practitioners with an efficient and reliable tool for assessing ethical leadership across diverse organizational environments, thereby advancing both empirical research and evidence-based management practices. The scale items are presented in both English and Turkish at the end of the study.
B2B Customer Satisfaction: Customer Journey Management Capability, CSR and Value Co-Creation
This study aims to validate the measurement model of a sequential conceptual mechanism designed to explain the formation of customer satisfaction in B2B (business-to-business) markets. The model proposes a theoretical causal flow explaining how Customer Journey Management Capability (CJMC) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices translate into customer satisfaction (CS) through Value Co-Creation (VcC). Within this framework, the distinction between Philanthropic CSR (PCSR) and Business practice CSR (BCSR) constitutes one of the fundamental building blocks of the mechanism. Furthermore, the study incorporates the role of the changing balance between digital and physical touchpoints (DvsPTP) into the model. The present study does not aim to test the structural model; rather, it focuses on validating the measurement properties of the proposed framework prior to the main study. Accordingly, in a pilot study conducted with a sample of n = 48, the PLS-SEM approach was utilized. The measurement model was analyzed using SmartPLS 4 software, the validity and reliability of the measurement model were established, and the reflective nature of the constructs was confirmed through Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis (CTA). The findings provide strong preliminary empirical evidence regarding the theoretical consistency of the proposed conceptual mechanism and establish a methodological foundation for large-sample structural model testing in future research. This study contributes to the B2B literature by offering a measurement-oriented preliminary validation of a novel sequential conceptual mechanism.
Effectiveness of Character Education at Ananda Paud Pos Surabay
In the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 87 of 2017 concerning the Strengthening of Character Education (Presidential Regulation No. 87-2017) it is stated that the strengthening of character education is an educational movement under the responsibility of the educational unit to strengthen the character of students through the harmonization of heart, taste, thinking, and sports with the involvement and cooperation between educational units, families, and the community as part of the National Movement of Mental Revolution. This study uses normative research where the methodology used to analyze the main issues of the research is using conceptual philosophical approaches and legal approaches. In this section, there is an exchange of personal thoughts between students, teachers and parents. This is in line with the characteristics of legal science where everything must have a legal basis. There was an adjustment so that character education at the Ananda Early Childhood Post in Surabaya really showed seriousness in the implementation of the curriculum.
Smart Irrigation Technologies: A Meta-Analytical and Structural Modeling Approach
The emergence of smart irrigation systems supported by new technological capabilities such as the Internet of Things (IoT) has had transformative effects on water management. Fragmented and methodologically diverse empirical findings in researchers' studies makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of this technology. The aim of this scientific study is to present the multidimensional effects of smart irrigation technologies in a systematic and comparable framework. In the study, latent factor structures were identified and tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that smart irrigation technologies have a strong and positive effect on agricultural performance (r = 0.853). Subgroup analyses show that machine learning-based systems have a higher impact when compared to traditional smart irrigation systems. The study offers important policy implications regarding agricultural productivity gains and environmental sustainability through water management with smart irrigation technologies.
Green Marketing and Consumer Trust: The Normative Foundations of Ethical Transformation
This study argues that the relationship between green marketing and consumer trust must be understood not only through ethical discourse but also through legal oversight and verifiable environmental claims. As sustainability becomes increasingly central to brand positioning and competitive differentiation, consumers evaluate not only product attributes but also the credibility, consistency, and reliability of environmental claims. However, the growing prevalence of such claims has intensified concerns over greenwashing, leading to increased skepticism and weakening trust. This study uses an integrative conceptual approach, synthesizing marketing literature with global regulatory standards to develop a framework that aligns environmental brand claims with legal verifiability. Adopting a theoretical and conceptual approach, the study integrates an extensive literature review with a complementary regulatory perspective. It proposes that consumer trust in green marketing is shaped by three key dimensions: transparency, accountability, and normative alignment. Transparency refers to the clarity, comparability, and verifiability of environmental claims; accountability emphasizes monitoring, reporting, and third-party verification mechanisms; and normative alignment reflects the integration of sustainability principles into corporate strategies and decision-making processes. These dimensions are conceptualized as core drivers of trust formation, as they enhance the credibility of marketing communication and ensure consistency between corporate claims and actual practices. Although not treated as a primary focus, legal oversight provides an institutional framework that reinforces the credibility, comparability, and verifiability of environmental claims. Ultimately, the article argues that trust in green marketing is not merely a communicative promise but a multi-layered governance outcome that is legally supported and internalized at the organizational level.
Psychological Biases, Personality Traits, and Investment Behavior: The Role of Financial Information
This research examines the influence of psychological biases and dispositional traits on individual investment behavior within the framework of behavioral finance. Traditional financial theory posits that investors process information rationally; however, behavioral research demonstrates that cognitive and affective factors systematically shape financial decision-making. Drawing on survey-based evidence, the study investigates how investors’ psychological characteristics affect their investment behavior in contexts where accounting-related decisions rely primarily on accounting-derived information. Data were collected from 410 participants via online questionnaires and analyzed using regression analysis. The findings reveal that overconfidence, herding behavior, risk tolerance, and self-monitoring significantly and positively impact Turkish investors’ investment behavior.
Barriers to Innovation in Micro-Scale Enterprises: A Multidimensional Assessment of Financial, Organizational, Technological, and Ecosystem Constraints
Micro-scale enterprises constitute a substantial part of national economies, particularly in emerging and developing markets, by contributing to employment, local production, and entrepreneurial dynamism. This study aims to examine thhe barriers to innovation in micro-scale enterprises through a multidimensional perspective that integrates financial, organizational, technological, human-capital, aand ecosystem-related constraints. The paper argues that innovation barriers in micro enterprises should not be interpreted merely as a lack of funding or technological infrastructure; rather, they emerge from the interaction of limited managerial capabilities, weak strategic planning, insufficient access to skilled labor, low digital maturity, risk aversion, fragmented instiitutional support, and restricted collaboration with universities, public agencies, and larger firms. The study is designed as a conceptual and literature-based analysis that synthesizes exissting research on small business innovation, resource constraints, absorptive capacity, dynamic capabilities, and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Based on this synthesis, the article proposes an integrated framework for classifying innovation barriers in micro-scale enterprises under five main dimensions: resource-based barriers, capability-based barriers, market-related barrierss, institutional and ecosystem barriers, and cultural-behavioral barriers. The expected contribution of the study is twofold. First, it provides a holistic understanding of why micro enterprises frequently remain outside formal innovation systems despite their flexibility and entrepreneurial potential. Second, it offers a conceptual foundation for future empirical studies and policy designs aimed at strengthening innovation capacity at the micro-enterprise level. The article concludes that enhancing innovation in micro-scale enterprises requires not only financial incentives, but also tailored capability-building programs, digital transformation support, accessible consultancy mechanisms, collaborative innovation platforms, and differentiated public policies that recognize the unique characteristics of micro businesses.